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GW190521 is the most massive binary black hole (BBH) merger observed to date, and its primary component lies in the pair-instability (PI) mass gap. Here, we investigate the formation of GW190521-like systems via three-body encounters in…

One proposed formation channel for stellar mass black holes (BHs) is through hierarchical mergers of smaller BHs. Repeated mergers between comparable mass BHs leave an imprint on the spin of the resulting BH, since the final BH spin is…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-06-02 Maya Fishbach , Daniel E. Holz , Ben Farr

GW190521 is the most massive merging binary black hole (BBH) system detected so far. At least one of the component BHs was measured to lie within the pair-instability supernova (PISN) mass gap ($\sim 50-135\;{\rm M}_{\odot}$), making its…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-06-28 Zhe Cui , Xiang-Dong Li

Regardless of their initial spins, the merger of two roughly equal mass black holes (BHs) produces a remnant BH of dimensionless spin $0.69$. Such remnants can merge with other BHs in dense stellar environments and produce hierarchical…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-03-02 Aditya Vijaykumar , Amanda M. Farah , Maya Fishbach

GW230529_181500 represented the first gravitational-wave detection with one of the component objects' mass inferred to lie in the previously hypothesized mass gap between the heaviest neutron stars and the lightest observed black holes.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-19 Ivan Markin , Anna Puecher , Mattia Bulla , Tim Dietrich

Advanced LIGO detectors at Hanford and Livingston made two confirmed and one marginal detection of binary black holes during their first observing run. The first event, GW150914, was from the merger of two black holes much heavier that…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-06-28 Davide Gerosa , Emanuele Berti

GW231123 appears as the most massive binary black hole (BBH) ever observed by the LIGO interferometers with total mass $190-265 M_\odot$. A high observed mass can be explained by the combination of cosmological redshift and gravitational…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-12-22 Srashti Goyal , Hector Villarrubia-Rojo , Miguel Zumalacarregui

GW190521 is the most massive binary black hole (BBH) merger observed to date. Due to its peculiar properties, the origin of this system is still a matter of debate: several hints may favor a dense stellar environment as a birthplace. Here,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-12-06 Marco Dall'Amico

We address two important questions in gravitational-wave astronomy. What is the astrophysical formation scenario leading to black-hole binary mergers? Did some of the merging black holes form hierarchically through previous generations of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-06-21 Andrea Antonelli , Konstantinos Kritos , Ken K. Y. Ng , Roberto Cotesta , Emanuele Berti

We study the population properties of merging binary black holes in the second LIGO--Virgo Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog assuming they were all formed dynamically in gravitationally bound clusters. Using a phenomenological population…

For a brief moment, a binary black hole (BBH) merger can be the most powerful astrophysical event in the visible universe. Here we present a model fit for this gravitational-wave peak luminosity of nonprecessing quasicircular BBH systems as…

There is growing evidence from gravitational-wave observations that some merging black holes are created from previous mergers. Using the prediction that these hierarchically merged black holes have dimensionless spin magnitudes of $\chi…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-05-01 Amanda M. Farah , Aditya Vijaykumar , Maya Fishbach

GW200115 was the second merger of a black hole and a neutron star confidently detected through gravitational waves. Inference on the signal allows for a large black hole spin misaligned with the orbital angular momentum, but shows little…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-11-24 Ilya Mandel , Rory J. E. Smith

The gravitational wave source GW190412 is a binary black hole (BBH) merger with three unique properties: i) its mass ratio is about 0.28, the lowest found so far, ii) it has a relatively high positive effective spin parameter \chi_eff=0.25,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-08-05 Adrian S. Hamers , Mohammadtaher Safarzadeh

Recent gravitational wave (GW) observations by LIGO/Virgo show evidence for hierarchical mergers, where the merging BHs are the remnants of previous BH merger events. These events may carry important clues about the astrophysical host…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-08-25 Hiromichi Tagawa , Zoltán Haiman , Imre Bartos , Bence Kocsis , Kazuyuki Omukai

The LIGO-Virgo collaboration recently reported the properties of GW190412, a binary black hole merger with unequal component masses (mass ratio $0.25^{+0.06}_{-0.04}$ when using the EOBNR PHM approximant) and a non-vanishing effective spin…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-06-03 Ilya Mandel , Tassos Fragos

The gravitational wave event GW190521 involves the merger of two black holes of $\sim 85\text{M}_\odot$ and $\sim 66\text{M}_\odot$ forming an intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH) of mass $\sim 142\text{M}_\odot$. Both progenitors are…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-12-14 Oliver Anagnostou , Michele Trenti , Andrew Melatos

Attempts to understand the formation of binary black hole (BBH) systems detected via gravitational wave (GW) emission are affected by many unknowns and uncertainties, from both the observational and theoretical (astrophysical modelling)…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-12-18 Jam Sadiq , Thomas Dent , Ana Lorenzo-Medina

We explore the possibility that GW150914, the binary black hole merger recently detected by Advanced LIGO, was formed by gravitational interactions in the core of a dense star cluster. Using models of globular clusters with detailed…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2016-06-15 Carl L. Rodriguez , Carl-Johan Haster , Sourav Chatterjee , Vicky Kalogera , Frederic A. Rasio

GW190521 was the most massive black hole merger discovered by LIGO/Virgo so far, with masses in tension with stellar evolution models. A possible explanation of such heavy black holes is that they themselves are the remnants of previous…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-04-13 Oscar Barrera , Imre Bartos