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Multimodal retrieval systems typically employ Vision Language Models (VLMs) that encode images and text independently into vectors within a shared embedding space. Despite incorporating text encoders, VLMs consistently underperform…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Xinyuan Zhang , Lina Zhang , Lisung Chen , Guangyao Liu , Shuai Nie , Jiaming Xu , Runyu Shi , Ying Huang , Guoquan Zhang

Visual language tasks require AI models to comprehend and reason with both visual and textual content. Driven by the power of Large Language Models (LLMs), two prominent methods have emerged: (1) the hybrid integration between LLMs and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Diji Yang , Kezhen Chen , Jinmeng Rao , Xiaoyuan Guo , Yawen Zhang , Jie Yang , Yi Zhang

Recent advances in multimodal training have significantly improved the integration of image understanding and generation within a unified model. This study investigates how vision-language models (VLMs) handle image-understanding tasks,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Alessandro Pietro Serra , Francesco Ortu , Emanuele Panizon , Lucrezia Valeriani , Lorenzo Basile , Alessio Ansuini , Diego Doimo , Alberto Cazzaniga

Transforming a large language model (LLM) into a Vision-Language Model (VLM) can be achieved by mapping the visual tokens from a vision encoder into the embedding space of an LLM. Intriguingly, this mapping can be as simple as a shallow MLP…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Benno Krojer , Shravan Nayak , Oscar Mañas , Vaibhav Adlakha , Desmond Elliott , Siva Reddy , Marius Mosbach

Existing Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) process a large number of visual tokens, leading to significant computational costs and inefficiency. Instruction-related visual token compression demonstrates strong task relevance, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Lei Lei , Jie Gu , Xiaokang Ma , Chu Tang , Jingmin Chen , Tong Xu

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable success across diverse vision-language tasks, yet their internal decision-making mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. Existing interpretability research has primarily…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Jiawei Liang , Ruoyu Chen , Xianghao Jiao , Siyuan Liang , Shiming Liu , Qunli Zhang , Zheng Hu , Xiaochun Cao

The integration of visual inputs with large language models (LLMs) has led to remarkable advancements in multi-modal capabilities, giving rise to visual large language models (VLLMs). However, effectively harnessing VLLMs for intricate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Renjie Pi , Lewei Yao , Jiahui Gao , Jipeng Zhang , Tong Zhang

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) incur high computational costs due to significant redundancy in their visual tokens. To effectively reduce this cost, researchers have proposed various visual token pruning methods. However, existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Wen Luo , Peng Chen , Xiaotao Huang , LiQun Huang

Vision-language models (VLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance by effectively integrating visual and textual information to solve complex tasks. However, it is not clear how these models reason over the visual and textual data…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Pouya Pezeshkpour , Moin Aminnaseri , Estevam Hruschka

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have showcased exceptional Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning ability in complex textual inference tasks including causal reasoning. However, will these causalities remain straightforward when crucial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Zhiyuan Li , Heng Wang , Dongnan Liu , Chaoyi Zhang , Ao Ma , Jieting Long , Weidong Cai

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) achieve strong performance on single-image tasks, but their performance declines when multiple images are provided as input. One major reason is the cross-image information leakage, where the model…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Minyoung Lee , Yeji Park , Dongjun Hwang , Yejin Kim , Seong Joon Oh , Junsuk Choe

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) excel at high-level scene understanding but falter on fine-grained perception tasks requiring precise localization. This failure stems from a fundamental mismatch, as generating exact numerical coordinates is a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Peng Liu , Haozhan Shen , Chunxin Fang , Zhicheng Sun , Jiajia Liao , Tiancheng Zhao

The visual projector serves as an essential bridge between the visual encoder and the Large Language Model (LLM) in a Multimodal LLM (MLLM). Typically, MLLMs adopt a simple MLP to preserve all visual contexts via one-to-one transformation.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Wentong Li , Yuqian Yuan , Jian Liu , Dongqi Tang , Song Wang , Jie Qin , Jianke Zhu , Lei Zhang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) such as GPT-4V and Gemini Pro face challenges in achieving human-level perception in Visual Question Answering (VQA), particularly in object-oriented perception tasks which demand fine-grained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Songtao Jiang , Yan Zhang , Chenyi Zhou , Yeying Jin , Yang Feng , Jian Wu , Zuozhu Liu

Modern multimodal large language models (MLLMs) adopt a unified self-attention design that processes visual and textual tokens at every Transformer layer, incurring substantial computational overhead. In this work, we revisit the necessity…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Wenjie Liu , Hao Wu , Xin Qiu , Xudong Wang , Yingqi Fan , Yihan Zhang , Anhao Zhao , Yunpu Ma , Xiaoyu Shen

Cross-modal alignment is essential for vision-language pre-training (VLP) models to learn the correct corresponding information across different modalities. For this purpose, inspired by the success of masked language modeling (MLM) tasks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Yatai Ji , Rongcheng Tu , Jie Jiang , Weijie Kong , Chengfei Cai , Wenzhe Zhao , Hongfa Wang , Yujiu Yang , Wei Liu

We introduce Cambrian-1, a family of multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) designed with a vision-centric approach. While stronger language models can enhance multimodal capabilities, the design choices for vision components are often insufficiently…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Shengbang Tong , Ellis Brown , Penghao Wu , Sanghyun Woo , Manoj Middepogu , Sai Charitha Akula , Jihan Yang , Shusheng Yang , Adithya Iyer , Xichen Pan , Ziteng Wang , Rob Fergus , Yann LeCun , Saining Xie

Human action recognition often struggles with deep semantic understanding, complex contextual information, and fine-grained distinction, limitations that traditional methods frequently encounter when dealing with diverse video data.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Jingwei Peng , Zhixuan Qiu , Boyu Jin , Surasakdi Siripong

We present a unified Vision-Language pretrained Model (VLMo) that jointly learns a dual encoder and a fusion encoder with a modular Transformer network. Specifically, we introduce Mixture-of-Modality-Experts (MoME) Transformer, where each…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-30 Hangbo Bao , Wenhui Wang , Li Dong , Qiang Liu , Owais Khan Mohammed , Kriti Aggarwal , Subhojit Som , Furu Wei

The fusion of language and vision in large vision-language models (LVLMs) has revolutionized deep learning-based object detection by enhancing adaptability, contextual reasoning, and generalization beyond traditional architectures. This…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Ranjan Sapkota , Manoj Karkee