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This article develops a Bayesian optimization (BO) method which acts directly over raw strings, proposing the first uses of string kernels and genetic algorithms within BO loops. Recent applications of BO over strings have been hindered by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-05 Henry B. Moss , Daniel Beck , Javier Gonzalez , David S. Leslie , Paul Rayson

Bayesian optimization (BO) is a powerful approach for seeking the global optimum of expensive black-box functions and has proven successful for fine tuning hyper-parameters of machine learning models. However, BO is practically limited to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-09-28 Riccardo Moriconi , Marc P. Deisenroth , K. S. Sesh Kumar

Bayesian optimization (BO) is a popular approach to optimize expensive-to-evaluate black-box functions. A significant challenge in BO is to scale to high-dimensional parameter spaces while retaining sample efficiency. A solution considered…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-26 Benjamin Letham , Roberto Calandra , Akshara Rai , Eytan Bakshy

The increasing availability of structured but high dimensional data has opened new opportunities for optimization. One emerging and promising avenue is the exploration of unsupervised methods for projecting structured high dimensional data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-07 Eero Siivola , Javier Gonzalez , Andrei Paleyes , Aki Vehtari

Optimization of high-dimensional black-box functions is an extremely challenging problem. While Bayesian optimization has emerged as a popular approach for optimizing black-box functions, its applicability has been limited to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-08-06 Zi Wang , Chengtao Li , Stefanie Jegelka , Pushmeet Kohli

Bayesian optimization (BO) is one of the most powerful strategies to solve computationally expensive-to-evaluate blackbox optimization problems. However, BO methods are conventionally used for optimization problems of small dimension…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-10 Rémy Priem , Youssef Diouane , Nathalie Bartoli , Sylvain Dubreuil , Paul Saves

Discrete latent variables are considered important for real world data, which has motivated research on Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) with discrete latents. However, standard VAE training is not possible in this case, which has motivated…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-03-27 Enrico Guiraud , Jakob Drefs , Jörg Lücke

Bayesian optimization (BO) is a sequential decision-making tool widely used for optimizing expensive black-box functions. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable adaptability in low-data regimes, making them promising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Chih-Yu Chang , Milad Azvar , Chinedum Okwudire , Raed Al Kontar

Latent-space Bayesian optimization (LSBO) extends Bayesian optimization to structured domains, such as molecular design, by searching in the continuous latent space of a generative model. However, most LSBO methods assume a fixed objective,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-03 Tuan A. Vu , Julien Martinelli , Harri Lähdesmäki

Most real optimization problems are defined over a mixed search space where the variables are both discrete and continuous. In engineering applications, the objective function is typically calculated with a numerically costly black-box…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-05-04 Jhouben Cuesta-Ramirez , Rodolphe Le Riche , Olivier Roustant , Guillaume Perrin , Cedric Durantin , Alain Gliere

Latent Bayesian optimization (LBO) approaches have successfully adopted Bayesian optimization over a continuous latent space by employing an encoder-decoder architecture to address the challenge of optimization in a high dimensional or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Jaewon Chu , Jinyoung Park , Seunghun Lee , Hyunwoo J. Kim

As a widely recognized approach to deep generative modeling, Variational Auto-Encoders (VAEs) still face challenges with the quality of generated images, often presenting noticeable blurriness. This issue stems from the unrealistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Georgios Batzolis , Jan Stanczuk , Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb

Many real-world scientific and industrial applications require the optimization of expensive black-box functions. Bayesian Optimization (BO) provides an effective framework for such problems. However, traditional BO methods are prone to get…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zhuo Yang , Daolang Wang , Lingli Ge , Beilun Wang , Tianfan Fu , Yuqiang Li

Bayesian optimization (BO) is a powerful paradigm for optimizing expensive black-box functions. Traditional BO methods typically rely on separate hand-crafted acquisition functions and surrogate models for the underlying function, and often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Fengxue Zhang , Yuxin Chen

Bayesian optimization (BO) is a powerful black-box optimization framework that looks to efficiently learn the global optimum of an unknown system by systematically trading-off between exploration and exploitation. However, the use of BO as…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-03-28 Dinesh Krishnamoorthy , Joel A. Paulson

Bayesian Optimization (BO) is a sample-efficient optimization algorithm widely employed across various applications. In some challenging BO tasks, input uncertainty arises due to the inevitable randomness in the optimization process, such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Lin Yang , Junlong Lyu , Wenlong Lyu , Zhitang Chen

Faced with problems of increasing complexity, recent research in Bayesian Optimisation (BO) has focused on adapting deep probabilistic models as flexible alternatives to Gaussian Processes (GPs). In a similar vein, this paper investigates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Alexandre Maraval , Matthieu Zimmer , Antoine Grosnit , Rasul Tutunov , Jun Wang , Haitham Bou Ammar

Automatic Machine Learning (Auto-ML) systems tackle the problem of automating the design of prediction models or pipelines for data science. In this paper, we present Lifelong Bayesian Optimization (LBO), an online, multitask Bayesian…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-06-24 Yao Zhang , James Jordon , Ahmed M. Alaa , Mihaela van der Schaar

Existing high-dimensional Bayesian optimization (BO) methods aim to overcome the curse of dimensionality by carefully encoding structural assumptions, from locality to sparsity to smoothness, into the optimization procedure. Surprisingly,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Colin Doumont , Donney Fan , Natalie Maus , Jacob R. Gardner , Henry Moss , Geoff Pleiss

The optimization of high-dimensional black-box functions is a challenging problem. When a low-dimensional linear embedding structure can be assumed, existing Bayesian optimization (BO) methods often transform the original problem into…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-11-03 Shuhei A. Horiguchi , Tomoharu Iwata , Taku Tsuzuki , Yosuke Ozawa