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Recent advances confirm that large language models (LLMs) can achieve state-of-the-art performance across various tasks. However, due to the resource-intensive nature of training LLMs from scratch, it is urgent and crucial to protect the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Zhiguang Yang , Hanzhou Wu

To avoid detection, adversaries often use command-line obfuscation. There are numerous techniques of the command-line obfuscation, all designed to alter the command-line syntax without affecting its original functionality. This variability…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Vojtech Outrata , Michael Adam Polak , Martin Kopp

Growing concerns over the theft and misuse of Large Language Models (LLMs) have heightened the need for effective fingerprinting, which links a model to its original version to detect misuse. In this paper, we define five key properties for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Mark Russinovich , Ahmed Salem

The text generated by large language models is commonly controlled by prompting, where a prompt prepended to a user's query guides the model's output. The prompts used by companies to guide their models are often treated as secrets, to be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Yiming Zhang , Nicholas Carlini , Daphne Ippolito

Problems that require the parameterization of closed contours arise frequently in computer vision applications. This article introduces a new curve parameterization algorithm that is able to fit a closed curve to a set of points while being…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-04-23 Michael A. Greminger

Large language models (LLMs) are often modified after release through post-processing such as post-training or quantization, which makes it challenging to determine whether one model is derived from another. Existing provenance detection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yuepeng Hu , Zhengyuan Jiang , Mengyuan Li , Osama Ahmed , Zhicong Huang , Cheng Hong , Neil Gong

AI developers are releasing large language models (LLMs) under a variety of different licenses. Many of these licenses restrict the ways in which the models or their outputs may be used. This raises the question how license violations may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yun-Yun Tsai , Chuan Guo , Junfeng Yang , Laurens van der Maaten

The parameter counts of the most widely used large language models (LLMs) are often withheld by their developers, leaving model size -- a primary reference point for interpreting capabilities and costs -- largely undisclosed. We propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Ivica Nikolic

The exorbitant cost of training Large language models (LLMs) from scratch makes it essential to fingerprint the models to protect intellectual property via ownership authentication and to ensure downstream users and developers comply with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Jiashu Xu , Fei Wang , Mingyu Derek Ma , Pang Wei Koh , Chaowei Xiao , Muhao Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have recently seen widespread adoption in both academia and industry. As these models grow, they become valuable intellectual property (IP), reflecting substantial investments by their owners. The high cost of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Yehonathan Refael , Adam Hakim , Lev Greenberg , Satya Lokam , Tal Aviv , Ben Fishman , Shachar Seidman , Racchit Jain , Jay Tenenbaum

Over the years many ellipse detection algorithms spring up and are studied broadly, while the critical issue of detecting ellipses accurately and efficiently in real-world images remains a challenge. In this paper, we propose a valuable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-06 Changsheng Lu , Siyu Xia , Ming Shao , Yun Fu

We introduce a cryptographic method to hide an arbitrary secret payload in the response of a Large Language Model (LLM). A secret key is required to extract the payload from the model's response, and without the key it is provably…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Or Zamir

Protecting the copyright of large language models (LLMs) has become crucial due to their resource-intensive training and accompanying carefully designed licenses. However, identifying the original base model of an LLM is challenging due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Boyi Zeng , Lizheng Wang , Yuncong Hu , Yi Xu , Chenghu Zhou , Xinbing Wang , Yu Yu , Zhouhan Lin

Large language models (LLMs) face significant copyright and intellectual property challenges as the cost of training increases and model reuse becomes prevalent. While watermarking techniques have been proposed to protect model ownership,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Do-hyeon Yoon , Minsoo Chun , Thomas Allen , Hans Müller , Min Wang , Rajesh Sharma

Large Language Models (LLMs) represent valuable intellectual property (IP), reflecting significant investments in training data, compute, and expertise. Deploying these models on partially trusted or insecure devices introduces substantial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Racchit Jain , Satya Lokam , Yehonathan Refael , Adam Hakim , Lev Greenberg , Jay Tenenbaum

A rapidly growing number of applications rely on a small set of closed-source language models (LMs). This dependency might introduce novel security risks if LMs develop self-recognition capabilities. Inspired by human identity verification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Tim R. Davidson , Viacheslav Surkov , Veniamin Veselovsky , Giuseppe Russo , Robert West , Caglar Gulcehre

Traditional language processing tools constrain language designers to specific kinds of grammars. In contrast, model-based language processing tools decouple language design from language processing. These tools allow the occurrence of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-01-14 Luis Quesada , Fernando Berzal , Francisco J. Cortijo

It has been shown that finetuned transformers and other supervised detectors effectively distinguish between human and machine-generated text in some situations arXiv:2305.13242, but we find that even simple classifiers on top of n-gram and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Hope McGovern , Rickard Stureborg , Yoshi Suhara , Dimitris Alikaniotis

Large language models (LLMs) have distinct and consistent stylistic fingerprints, even when prompted to write in different writing styles. Detecting these fingerprints is important for many reasons, among them protecting intellectual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yehonatan Bitton , Elad Bitton , Shai Nisan

The widespread deployment of large language models (LLMs) has intensified concerns around intellectual property (IP) protection, as model theft and unauthorized redistribution become increasingly feasible. To address this, model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Zhenhua Xu , Xixiang Zhao , Xubin Yue , Shengwei Tian , Changting Lin , Meng Han
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