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Recent years have seen many arguments for cosmic rays (CRs) as an important influence on galactic and circumgalactic (CGM) physics, star and galaxy formation. We present a pedagogical overview of state-of-the-art modeling of…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-05-11 Philip F. Hopkins

A correct description of cosmic-ray (CR) diffusion in turbulent plasma is essential for many astrophysical and heliospheric problems. This paper aims to present physical diffusion behavior of CRs in actual turbulent magnetic fields, model…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-16 Siyao Xu , Huirong Yan

The spectrum and morphology of the diffuse Galactic gamma-ray emission carries valuable information on cosmic ray (CR) propagation. Recent results obtained by analyzing Fermi-LAT data accumulated over seven years of observation show a…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2016-08-05 S. Recchia , P. Blasi , G. Morlino

Cosmic rays (CRs) may be used to infer properties of intervening cosmic magnetic fields. Conversely, understanding the effects of magnetic fields on the propagation of high-energy CRs is crucial to elucidate their origin. In the present…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-11-08 R. Alves Batista , E. M. de Gouveia Dal Pino , K. Dolag , S. Hussain

The coarse-grained propagation of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is traditionally constrained by phenomenological models of Milky Way CR propagation fit to a variety of direct and indirect observables; however, constraining the fine-grained…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2024-02-07 Chad Bustard , John Wu

Cosmic rays (CRs) are a dynamically important component of the interstellar medium (ISM) of galaxies. The $\sim$GeV CRs that carry most CR energy and pressure are likely confined by self-generated turbulence, leading them to stream along…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2022-11-16 Matt L. Sampson , James R. Beattie , Mark R. Krumholz , Roland M. Crocker , Christoph Federrath , Amit Seta

We study diffusion of Cosmic Rays (CRs) in turbulent magnetic fields using test particle simulations. Electromagnetic fields are produced in direct numerical MHD simulations of turbulence and used as an input for particle tracing, particle…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-05-18 A. Beresnyak , H. Yan , A. Lazarian

Recently, cosmic ray (CR) feedback has been identified as a critical process in galaxy formation but most previous simulations have integrated out the energy-dependence of the CR distribution, despite its large extent over more than twelve…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2023-03-15 Philipp Girichidis , Christoph Pfrommer , Rüdiger Pakmor , Volker Springel

The physics of Cosmic ray (CR) transport remains a key uncertainty in assessing whether CRs can produce galaxy-scale outflows consistent with observations. In this paper, we elucidate the physics of CR-driven galactic winds for CR transport…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2021-11-24 Eliot Quataert , Todd A. Thompson , Yan-Fei Jiang

The standard approach to cosmic-ray (CR) propagation in the Galaxy is based on the assumption that local transport properties can be extrapolated to the whole CR confining volume. Such models tend to underestimate the gamma-ray flux above…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-05-06 Daniele Gaggero , Alfredo Urbano , Mauro Valli , Piero Ullio

Cosmic rays (CRs) are an important source of feedback in a variety of astrophysical contexts. Magneto-hydrodynamical (MHD) simulations treating CRs as a fluid have shown that how their feedback operates is strongly dependent on their…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-09-25 Joki Rosdahl , Yohan Dubois , Benoit Commercon , Nimatou Diallo , Nai Chieh Lin , Alexandre Marcowith

Diffuse gamma-ray emission is a key tracer of cosmic rays (CRs) in galaxies, encoding information about their transport, energetics, and interactions with the interstellar medium. Interpreting the Milky Way gamma-ray sky is challenging…

The diffusion of cosmic rays (CRs) in turbulent magnetic fields is fundamental to understand various astrophysical processes. We explore the CR diffusion in the magnetic fluctuations amplified by the nonlinear turbulent dynamo, in the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-12-03 Chao Zhang , Siyao Xu

Cosmic rays (CRs) may drive outflows and alter the phase structure of the circumgalactic medium, with potentially important implications on galaxy formation. However, these effects ultimately depend on the dominant mode of transport of CRs…

More and more observations have indicated the existence of slow diffusion phenomena in astrophysical environments, such as around the supernova remnants and pulsar $\gamma$-ray halos, where the diffusion coefficient of cosmic rays (CRs)…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-06-24 Yawen Xiao , Jianfu Zhang , Siyao Xu

This paper studies cosmic ray (CR) transport in magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence. CR transport is strongly dependent on the properties of the magnetic turbulence. We perform test particle simulations to study the interactions of CR…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-02-23 Snehanshu Maiti , Kirit Makwana , Heshou Zhang , Huirong Yan

It is well known that cosmic rays (CRs) contribute significantly to the pressure of the interstellar medium in our own Galaxy, suggesting that they may play an important role in regulating star formation during the formation and evolution…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 Martin Jubelgas , Volker Springel , Torsten A. Ensslin , Christoph Pfrommer

We use a simple model for cosmic ray (CR) production and transport to assess the impact of CRs on $z$\,$=$\,$0$ galaxy, circumgalactic medium (CGM), and halo properties. To do so, we run the first suite of large-volume cosmological…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-07-02 Rahul Ramesh , Dylan Nelson , Philipp Girichidis

Determining the spatial distribution of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is fundamental to understand how these particles propagate in interstellar space and to infer their source spectra. The most sensitive method of studying this problem is…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-09-26 Paolo Lipari , Silvia Vernetto

The physics of cosmic rays (CR) is a promising candidate for explaining the driving of galactic winds and outflows. Recent galaxy formation simulations have demonstrated the need for active CR transport either in the form of diffusion or…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2016-07-19 Ruediger Pakmor , Christoph Pfrommer , Christine M. Simpson , Volker Springel