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This paper introduces a framework for the automated evaluation of natural language texts. A manually constructed rubric describes how to assess multiple dimensions of interest. To evaluate a text, a large language model (LLM) is prompted…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Helia Hashemi , Jason Eisner , Corby Rosset , Benjamin Van Durme , Chris Kedzie

While Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve near-human performance on standard benchmarks, their capabilities often fail to generalize to complex, real-world problems. To bridge this gap, we introduce DeepQuestion, a scalable, automated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Ali Khoramfar , Ali Ramezani , Mohammad Mahdi Mohajeri , Mohammad Javad Dousti , Majid Nili Ahmadabadi , Heshaam Faili

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance on question-answering (QA) tasks because of their superior capabilities in natural language understanding and generation. However, LLM-based QA struggles with complex QA…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Chuangtao Ma , Yongrui Chen , Tianxing Wu , Arijit Khan , Haofen Wang

By leveraging the retrieval of information from external knowledge databases, Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit enhanced capabilities for accomplishing many knowledge-intensive tasks. However, due to the inherent flaws of current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Siye Wu , Jian Xie , Jiangjie Chen , Tinghui Zhu , Kai Zhang , Yanghua Xiao

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to cybersecurity question answering (QA) for critical tasks such as incident response and vulnerability analysis. However, real-world operational contexts, including system logs and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Matilda Gaddi , Jin Noh , Onat Gungor , Tajana Rosing

Question answering systems are typically evaluated on factual correctness, yet many real-world applications-such as education and career guidance-require mentorship: responses that provide reflection and guidance. Existing QA benchmarks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Parth Bhalerao , Diola Dsouza , Ruiwen Guan , Oana Ignat

Classical computation, grounded in formal, logical systems, has been the engine of technological progress for decades, excelling at problems that can be described with unambiguous rules. This paradigm, however, leaves a vast ocean of human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Tehseen Rug , Felix Böhmer , Tessa Pfattheicher

Multi-modal retrieval-augmented Question Answering (MRAQA), integrating text and images, has gained significant attention in information retrieval (IR) and natural language processing (NLP). Traditional ranking methods rely on small…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Yang Bai , Christan Earl Grant , Daisy Zhe Wang

Large language model (LLM) has achieved outstanding performance on various downstream tasks with its powerful natural language understanding and zero-shot capability, but LLM still suffers from knowledge limitation. Especially in scenarios…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Tiezheng Guo , Qingwen Yang , Chen Wang , Yanyi Liu , Pan Li , Jiawei Tang , Dapeng Li , Yingyou Wen

Though current long-context large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capacities in answering user questions based on extensive text, the lack of citations in their responses makes user verification difficult, leading to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Jiajie Zhang , Yushi Bai , Xin Lv , Wanjun Gu , Danqing Liu , Minhao Zou , Shulin Cao , Lei Hou , Yuxiao Dong , Ling Feng , Juanzi Li

Previous work adopts large language models (LLMs) as evaluators to evaluate natural language process (NLP) tasks. However, certain shortcomings, e.g., fairness, scope, and accuracy, persist for current LLM evaluators. To analyze whether…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Qintong Li , Leyang Cui , Lingpeng Kong , Wei Bi

Question answering (QA) can only make progress if we know if an answer is correct, but for many of the most challenging and interesting QA examples, current evaluation metrics to determine answer equivalence (AE) often do not align with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Zongxia Li , Ishani Mondal , Yijun Liang , Huy Nghiem , Jordan Boyd-Graber

With the advancement of large language models (LLMs) and the expansion of their context windows, existing long-context benchmarks fall short in effectively evaluating the models' comprehension and reasoning abilities in extended texts.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Lei Zhang , Yunshui Li , Ziqiang Liu , Jiaxi yang , Junhao Liu , Longze Chen , Run Luo , Min Yang

Automated reasoning with unstructured natural text is a key requirement for many potential applications of NLP and for developing robust AI systems. Recently, Language Models (LMs) have demonstrated complex reasoning capacities even without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Mehran Kazemi , Quan Yuan , Deepti Bhatia , Najoung Kim , Xin Xu , Vaiva Imbrasaite , Deepak Ramachandran

State-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) are now claiming remarkable supported context lengths of 256k or even more. In contrast, the average context lengths of mainstream benchmarks are insufficient (5k-21k), and they suffer from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Tao Yuan , Xuefei Ning , Dong Zhou , Zhijie Yang , Shiyao Li , Minghui Zhuang , Zheyue Tan , Zhuyu Yao , Dahua Lin , Boxun Li , Guohao Dai , Shengen Yan , Yu Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly adopted as conversational assistants in genomics, where they are mainly used to reason over biological knowledge, annotations, and analysis outputs through natural language interfaces. However,…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2026-04-08 Weicai Long , Yusen Hou , Junning Feng , Houcheng Su , Shuo Yang , Donglin Xie , Yanlin Zhang

Large language models (LLM) are generating information at a rapid pace, requiring users to increasingly rely and trust the data. Despite remarkable advances of LLM, Information generated by LLM is not completely trustworthy, due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Rick Rejeleene , Xiaowei Xu , John Talburt

The rapid progress of large language models (LLMs) raises concerns about cultural bias, fairness, and performance in diverse languages and underrepresented regions. Addressing these gaps requires large-scale resources grounded in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Firoj Alam , Md Arid Hasan , Sahinur Rahman Laskar , Mucahid Kutlu , Kareem Darwish , Shammur Absar Chowdhury

Synthetic long-context LLM benchmarks (e.g., "needle-in-the-haystack") test only surface-level retrieval capabilities, but how well can long-context LLMs retrieve, synthesize, and reason over information across book-length inputs? We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Marzena Karpinska , Katherine Thai , Kyle Lo , Tanya Goyal , Mohit Iyyer

This paper proposes a novel approach to evaluate Counter Narrative (CN) generation using a Large Language Model (LLM) as an evaluator. We show that traditional automatic metrics correlate poorly with human judgements and fail to capture the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Irune Zubiaga , Aitor Soroa , Rodrigo Agerri
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