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The Model Context Protocol (MCP) enables large language models (LLMs) to access external resources on demand. While commonly assumed to enhance performance, how LLMs actually leverage this capability remains poorly understood. We introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Wei Song , Haonan Zhong , Ziqi Ding , Jingling Xue , Yuekang Li

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) standardizes how a large-language-model (LLM) agent and an external tool server exchange messages, but not trust: a host reads a server's self-declared tool list and dispatches calls, with no notion of which…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Alfredo Metere

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a standard for connecting large language models (LLMs) with external tools. However, this MCP ecosystem introduces new security risks across hosts, servers, and registries. In this paper, we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Xiaofan Li , Xing Gao

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) enables large language models (LLMs) to dynamically discover and invoke third-party tools, significantly expanding agent capabilities while introducing a distinct security landscape. Unlike prompt-only…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Mehrdad Rostamzadeh , Sidhant Narula , Nahom Birhan , Mohammad Ghasemigol , Daniel Takabi

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly serving as autonomous agents, and their utilization of external tools via the Model Context Protocol (MCP) is considered a future trend. Current MCP evaluation sets suffer from issues such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Wenrui Liu , Zixiang Liu , Elsie Dai , Wenhan Yu , Lei Yu , Tong Yang , Jinjun Han , Hong Gao

Tool calling has emerged as a critical capability for AI agents. In contrast to conventional tool calling frameworks that rely on static, provider-specific tool definitions, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) offers a unified interface to…

The rapid expansion of the model context protocol (MCP) ecosystem enables large language model (LLM)-based agents to access a wide range of external tools via a standardized interface. However, identifying appropriate MCP servers for a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Shiyu He , Zhiman Chen , Yuqi Zhao , Neng Zhang , Ran Mo , Yutao Ma

Large language models hold considerable promise for supporting forensic investigations, but their widespread adoption is hindered by a lack of transparency, explainability, and reproducibility. This paper explores how the emerging Model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jan-Niclas Hilgert , Carlo Jakobs , Michael Külper , Martin Lambertz , Axel Mahr , Elmar Padilla

This survey investigates how classical software design patterns can enhance the reliability and scalability of communication in Large Language Model (LLM)-driven agentic AI systems, focusing particularly on the Model Context Protocol (MCP).…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Anjana Sarkar , Soumyendu Sarkar

The rapid adoption of foundation models has significantly expanded the capabilities of software systems, enabling them to perform complex language, reasoning, and interaction tasks that were previously difficult to automate. However, this…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Mina Taraghi , Mohammad Mehdi Morovati , Foutse Khomh

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has recently emerged as a standardized interface for connecting language models with external tools and data. As the ecosystem rapidly expands, the lack of a structured, comprehensive view of existing MCP…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Zhiwei Lin , Bonan Ruan , Jiahao Liu , Weibo Zhao

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance, they remain vulnerable to jailbreak. The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) with external tools via protocols such as the Model Context Protocol (MCP)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Wenpeng Xing , Zhonghao Qi , Yupeng Qin , Yilin Li , Caini Chang , Jiahui Yu , Changting Lin , Zhenzhen Xie , Meng Han

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a standard for connecting Large Language Models (LLMs) to external tools and data. However, MCP servers often expose privileged capabilities, such as file system access, network requests, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Charoes Huang , Xin Huang , Amin Milani Fard

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate strong capabilities in solving complex tasks when integrated with external tools. The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has become a standard interface for enabling such tool-based interactions. However,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Jiayi Fu , Yuansen Zhang , Yinggui Wang

The development of large language models (LLMs) has entered in a experience-driven era, flagged by the emergence of environment feedback-driven learning via reinforcement learning and tool-using agents. This encourages the emergenece of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Junfeng Fang , Zijun Yao , Ruipeng Wang , Haokai Ma , Xiang Wang , Tat-Seng Chua

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is an emerging standard designed to enable seamless interaction between Large Language Model (LLM) applications and external tools or resources. Within a short period, thousands of MCP services have been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Hao Song , Yiming Shen , Wenxuan Luo , Leixin Guo , Ting Chen , Jiashui Wang , Beibei Li , Xiaosong Zhang , Jiachi Chen

The rapid development of LLMs coupled with the introduction of Model Context Protocol (MCP) has revolutionized how intelligent agents interact with APIs through deterministic and structured methods \cite{ModelContextProtocolIntro2025}.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Aditya Pujara , Xiaogang Zhu , Hsiang-Ting Chen

This paper introduces Tele-LLM-Hub, a user friendly low-code solution for rapid prototyping and deployment of context aware multi-agent (MA) Large Language Model (LLM) systems tailored for 5G and beyond. As telecom wireless networks become…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Pranshav Gajjar , Cong Shen , Vijay K Shah

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is rapidly emerging as the middleware for LLM-based applications, offering a standardized interface for tool integration. However, its built-in security mechanisms are minimal: while schemas and declarations…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Biwei Yan , Yue Zhang , Minghui Xu , Hao Wu , Yechao Zhang , Kun Li , Guoming Zhang , Xiuzhen Cheng

Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers enable AI applications to connect to external systems in a plug-and-play manner, but their rapid proliferation also introduces severe security risks. Unlike mature software ecosystems with rigorous…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Weibo Zhao , Jiahao Liu , Bonan Ruan , Shaofei Li , Zhenkai Liang