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Agents for computer use (ACUs) are an emerging class of systems capable of executing complex tasks on digital devices -- such as desktops, mobile phones, and web platforms -- given instructions in natural language. These agents can automate…

Reliability is key to realizing the promise of autonomous UI-Agents, multimodal agents that directly interact with apps in the same manner as humans, as users must be able to trust an agent to complete a given task. Current evaluations rely…

Agentic systems have been widely studied to automate software engineering jobs such as bug fixing. As these systems increasingly tackle complex tasks, understanding where and why they fail becomes essential for iterative refinement and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Minxing Wang , Xiaofei Xie , Yintong Huo

When a phone-use agent avoids harm, does that show safety, or simply inability to act? Existing evaluations often cannot tell. A harmful outcome may be avoided because the agent recognized the risk and chose the safe action, or because it…

Runtime enforcers can be used to ensure that running applications satisfy desired correctness properties. Although runtime enforcers that are correct-by-construction with respect to abstract behavioral models are relatively easy to specify,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Oliviero Riganelli , Daniela Micucci , Leonardo Mariani

There is an increasing global emphasis on information accessibility, with numerous researchers actively developing automated tools to detect and repair accessibility issues, thereby ensuring that individuals with diverse abilities can…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Liming Nie , Hao Liu , Jing Sun , Kabir Sulaiman Said , Shanshan Hong , Lei Xue , Zhiyuan Wei , Yangyang Zhao , Meng Li

Context: Accessibility issues (e.g., small size and narrow interval) in mobile applications (apps) lead to obstacles for billions of low vision users in interacting with Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs). Although GUI accessibility scanning…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Mengxi Zhang , Huaxiao Liu , Shenning Song , Chunyang Chen , Pei Huang , Jian Zhao

Energy efficiency is an important criterion to judge the quality of mobile apps, but one third of our randomly sampled apps suffer from energy issues that can quickly drain battery power. To understand these issues, we conducted an…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-04-02 Xueliang Li , Yuming Yang , Yepang liu , John P. Gallagher , Kaishun Wu

The rapid development of GUI foundation models and mobile GUI agents has spurred numerous evaluation benchmarks, yet most rely on simulated environments or open-source applications, leaving real-world closed-source applications largely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yifan Sui , Xin Huang , Hongbing Li , Fang Xu , Jiahe Lv , Haolong Yan , Yeqing Shen , Litao Liu , Zhimin Fan , Ziyang Meng , Jia Wang , Junbo Qi , Kaijun Tan , Zheng Ge , Xiangyu Zhang , Daxin Jiang , Osamu Yoshie

Automation of existing Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) is important but hard to achieve. Upstream of making the GUI user-accessible or somehow scriptable, even the data-collection to understand the original interface poses significant…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Iason Chaimalas , Arnas Vyšniauskas , Gabriel Brostow

Mobile applications (apps) often suffer from failure nowadays. Developers usually pay more attention to the failure that is perceived by users and compromises the user experience. Existing approaches focus on mining large volume logs to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-25 Deyu Tian

Context. Multiple automated techniques have been proposed and developed for mobile application GUI testing aiming to improve effectiveness, efficiency, and practicality. The effectiveness, efficiency, and practicality are 3 fundamental…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-01-01 Yauhen Leanidavich Arnatovich , Lipo Wang

Accessibility assessments typically focus on determining a binary measurement of task performance success/failure; and often neglect to acknowledge the nuances of those interactions. Although a large population of blind people find…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-04-14 André Rodrigues , André Santos , Kyle Montague , Tiago Guerreiro

Autonomous agents that execute human tasks by controlling computers can enhance human productivity and application accessibility. However, progress in this field will be driven by realistic and reproducible benchmarks. We present…

Validation of Android apps via testing is difficult owing to the presence of flaky tests. Due to non-deterministic execution environments, a sequence of events (a test) may lead to success or failure in unpredictable ways. In this work, we…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-05-24 Zhen Dong , Abhishek Tiwari , Xiao Liang Yu , Abhik Roychoudhury

Low-code applications are gaining popularity across various fields, enabling non-developers to participate in the software development process. However, due to the strong reliance on graphical user interfaces, they may unintentionally…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Mohammadali Mohammadkhani , Sara Zahedi Movahed , Hourieh Khalajzadeh , Mojtaba Shahin , Khuong Tran Hoang

Failure to consider the characteristics, limitations, and abilities of diverse end-users during mobile apps development may lead to problems for end-users such as accessibility and usability issues. We refer to this class of problems as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Hourieh Khalajzadeh , Mojtaba Shahin , Humphrey O. Obie , Pragya Agrawal , John Grundy

GUI is a bridge connecting user and application. Existing GUI testing tasks can be categorized into two groups: functionality testing and compatibility testing. While the functionality testing focuses on detecting application runtime bugs,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-12-29 Jiaming Ye , Mulong Xie , Siyuan Chen , Fuyuan Zhang , Lei Ma , Zhenchang Xing , Jianjun Zhao

Automated GUI testing is crucial for ensuring the quality and reliability of Android apps. However, the efficacy of existing UI testing techniques is often limited, especially in terms of coverage. Recent studies, including the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Wei Minn , Biniam Fisseha Demissie , Yan Naing Tun , Jiakun Liu , Mariano Ceccato , Lwin Khin Shar , David Lo

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents extend large language models from text generation to action execution in real-world digital environments. Unlike conversational systems, GUI agents perform irreversible operations such as submitting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yucheng Shi , Wenhao Yu , Jingyuan Huang , Wenlin Yao , Wenhu Chen , Ninghao Liu