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Large Language Models (LLMs) face significant deployment challenges due to their substantial resource requirements. While low-bit quantized weights can reduce memory usage and improve inference efficiency, current hardware lacks native…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Pengxiang Zhao , Xiaoming Yuan

KV cache compression methods have mainly relied on scalar quantization techniques to reduce the memory requirements during decoding. In this work, we apply residual vector quantization, which has been widely used for high fidelity audio…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Ankur Kumar

Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve strong performance across tasks, but face storage and compute challenges on edge devices. We propose EntroLLM, a compression framework combining mixed quantization and entropy coding to reduce storage…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Arnab Sanyal , Gourav Datta , Prithwish Mukherjee , Sandeep P. Chinchali , Michael Orshansky

Multi-agent Large Language Model (LLM) systems face a critical bottleneck: redundant transmission of contextual information between agents consumes excessive bandwidth and computational resources. Traditional approaches discard internal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Boris Kriuk , Logic Ng

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit excellent performance in various tasks. However, the memory requirements of LLMs present a great challenge when deploying on memory-limited devices, even for quantized LLMs. This paper introduces a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Weilan Wang , Yu Mao , Dongdong Tang , Hongchao Du , Nan Guan , Chun Jason Xue

Recently years have witnessed a rapid development of large language models (LLMs). Despite the strong ability in many language-understanding tasks, the heavy computational burden largely restricts the application of LLMs especially when one…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Yuhui Xu , Lingxi Xie , Xiaotao Gu , Xin Chen , Heng Chang , Hengheng Zhang , Zhengsu Chen , Xiaopeng Zhang , Qi Tian

The rapid scaling of Large Language Models (LLMs) elevates inference costs and compounds substantial deployment barriers. While quantization to 8 or 4 bits mitigates this, sub-3-bit methods face severe accuracy, scalability, and efficiency…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success across a wide range of language tasks, but their deployment on edge devices remains challenging due to the substantial memory requirements imposed by their large parameter…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Zihan Chen , Bike Xie , Jundong Li , Cong Shen

Large language models (LLMs) can now handle longer sequences of tokens, enabling complex tasks like book understanding and generating lengthy novels. However, the key-value (KV) cache required for LLMs consumes substantial memory as context…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Haojie Duanmu , Zhihang Yuan , Xiuhong Li , Jiangfei Duan , Xingcheng Zhang , Dahua Lin

The emergence of accurate open large language models (LLMs) has led to a race towards performant quantization techniques which can enable their execution on end-user devices. In this paper, we revisit the problem of "extreme" LLM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Vage Egiazarian , Andrei Panferov , Denis Kuznedelev , Elias Frantar , Artem Babenko , Dan Alistarh

Transformer models have been successful in various sequence processing tasks, but the self-attention mechanism's computational cost limits its practicality for long sequences. Although there are existing attention variants that improve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Zicheng Liu , Li Wang , Siyuan Li , Zedong Wang , Haitao Lin , Stan Z. Li

In this study, we introduce adaptive KV cache compression, a plug-and-play method that reduces the memory footprint of generative inference for Large Language Models (LLMs). Different from the conventional KV cache that retains key and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Suyu Ge , Yunan Zhang , Liyuan Liu , Minjia Zhang , Jiawei Han , Jianfeng Gao

Due to the high memory and computational costs associated with large language models (LLMs), model compression techniques such as quantization, which reduces inference costs, and parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods like Low-Rank…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Hyesung Jeon , Yulhwa Kim , Jae-joon Kim

We introduce a method that dramatically reduces fine-tuning VRAM requirements and rectifies quantization errors in quantized Large Language Models. First, we develop an extremely memory-efficient fine-tuning (EMEF) method for quantized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Yuji Chai , John Gkountouras , Glenn G. Ko , David Brooks , Gu-Yeon Wei

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in NLP, but their demands hinder their widespread deployment. While Quantization-Aware Training (QAT) offers a solution, its extensive training costs make Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) a more practical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Jing Liu , Ruihao Gong , Xiuying Wei , Zhiwei Dong , Jianfei Cai , Bohan Zhuang

The extremely high computational and storage demands of large language models have excluded most edge devices, which were widely used for efficient machine learning, from being viable options. A typical edge device usually only has 4GB of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Jindong Li , Tenglong Li , Guobin Shen , Dongcheng Zhao , Qian Zhang , Yi Zeng

Large Language Models (LLMs) with multimodal capabilities have revolutionized vision-language tasks, but their deployment often requires huge memory and computational resources. While post-training quantization (PTQ) has successfully…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Shubhang Bhatnagar , Andy Xu , Kar-Han Tan , Narendra Ahuja

Recently, significant progress has been made in developing reasoning-capable Large Language Models (LLMs) through long Chain-of-Thought (CoT) techniques. However, this long-CoT reasoning process imposes substantial memory overhead due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Tengxuan Liu , Shiyao Li , Jiayi Yang , Tianchen Zhao , Feng Zhou , Xiaohui Song , Guohao Dai , Shengen Yan , Huazhong Yang , Yu Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in scenarios demanding ultra-long context reasoning, such as agentic workflows and deep research understanding. However, long-context inference is constrained by the KV cache, a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Jianlong Lei , Shashikant Ilager

Large language models (LLMs) based on Transformer Decoders have become the preferred choice for conversational generative AI. Despite the overall superiority of the Decoder architecture, the gradually increasing Key-Value (KV) cache during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Luohe Shi , Zuchao Li , Lefei Zhang , Guoming Liu , Baoyuan Qi , Hai Zhao