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Infrared small target detection (ISTD) is highly sensitive to sensor type, observation conditions, and the intrinsic properties of the target. These factors can introduce substantial variations in the distribution of acquired infrared image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Yahao Lu , Yuehui Li , Xingyuan Guo , Shuai Yuan , Yukai Shi , Liang Lin

Infrared Small Target Detection (IRSTD) faces significant challenges due to low signal-to-noise ratios, complex backgrounds, and the absence of discernible target features. While deep learning-based encoder-decoder frameworks have advanced…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Xuelin Qian , Jiaming Lu , Zixuan Wang , Wenxuan Wang , Zhongling Huang , Dingwen Zhang , Junwei Han

Infrared small target detection(IRSTD) is widely recognized as a challenging task due to the inherent limitations of infrared imaging, including low signal-to-noise ratios, lack of texture details, and complex background interference. While…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-05 Yuxin Jing , Yuchen Zheng , Jufeng Zhao , Guangmang Cui , Tianpei Zhang

The accurate target-background separation in infrared small target detection (IRSTD) highly depends on the discriminability of extracted representations. However, most existing methods are confined to domain-consistent settings, while…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Yimin Fu , Songbo Wang , Feiyan Wu , Jialin Lyu , Zhunga Liu , Michael K. Ng

Infrared Small Target Detection (IRSTD) aims to segment small targets from infrared clutter background. Existing methods mainly focus on discriminative approaches, i.e., a pixel-level front-background binary segmentation. Since infrared…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Haoqing Li , Jinfu Yang , Yifei Xu , Runshi Wang

Infrared small target detection (ISTD) is challenging due to complex backgrounds, low signal-to-clutter ratios, and varying target sizes and shapes. Effective detection relies on capturing local contextual information at the appropriate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Guoyi Zhang , Guangsheng Xu , Han Wang , Siyang Chen , Yunxiao Shan , Xiaohu Zhang

Moving infrared small target detection (IRSTD) plays a critical role in practical applications, such as surveillance of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and UAV-based search system. Moving IRSTD still remains highly challenging due to weak…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Houzhang Fang , Shukai Guo , Qiuhuan Chen , Yi Chang , Luxin Yan

Single-frame Infrared Small Target Detection (ISTD) aims to localize weak targets under heavy background clutter, yet dense pixel-wise annotations are expensive. Point supervision with online label evolution reduces annotation cost;…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Yuanhang Yao , Ping Qian , Zhu Liu , Long Ma , Weimin Wang

Infrared small target detection (ISTD) plays a vital role in numerous practical applications. In pursuit of determining the performance boundaries, researchers employ large and expensive manual-labeling data for representation learning.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Junyao Li , Yahao Lu , Xingyuan Guo , Xiaoyu Xian , Tiantian Wang , Yukai Shi

Multi-frame infrared small target detection (IRSTD) plays a crucial role in low-altitude and maritime surveillance. The hybrid architecture combining CNNs and Transformers shows great promise for enhancing multi-frame IRSTD performance. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Zhihua Shen , Siyang Chen , Han Wang , Tongsu Zhang , Xiaohu Zhang , Xiangpeng Xu , Xia Yang

Infrared small target detection (IRSTD) plays a pivotal role in a broad spectrum of mission-critical applications, including maritime surveillance, military search and rescue, early warning systems, and precision-guided strikes, all of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Yingming Zhang , Wuqi Su , Qing Xiao , Yonggang Yang

Infrared small target detection (ISTD) is widely used in civilian and military applications. However, ISTD encounters several challenges, including the tendency for small and dim targets to be obscured by complex backgrounds. To address…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Chen Hu , Yian Huang , Kexuan Li , Luping Zhang , Chang Long , Yiming Zhu , Tian Pu , Zhenming Peng

Infrared small target detection (ISTD) is one of the key techniques in image processing. Although deep unfolding networks (DUNs) have demonstrated promising performance in ISTD due to their model interpretability and data adaptability,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Jingjing Liu , Yinchao Han , Xianchao Xiu , Jianhua Zhang , Wanquan Liu

Visual-inertial SLAM systems often exhibit suboptimal performance due to multiple confounding factors including imperfect sensor calibration, noisy measurements, rapid motion dynamics, low illumination, and the inherent limitations of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Tali Orlev Shapira , Itzik Klein

Infrared small-target detection (ISTD) is an important computer vision task. ISTD aims at separating small targets from complex background clutter. The infrared radiation decays over distances, making the targets highly dim and prone to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Jingchao Peng , Haitao Zhao , Kaijie Zhao , Zhongze Wang , Lujian Yao

Infrared small target detection based on deep learning offers unique advantages in separating small targets from complex and dynamic backgrounds. However, the features of infrared small targets gradually weaken as the depth of convolutional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Chun Bao , Jie Cao , Yaqian Ning , Tianhua Zhao , Zhijun Li , Zechen Wang , Li Zhang , Qun Hao

As an essential vision task, infrared small target detection (IRSTD) has seen significant advancements through deep learning. However, critical limitations in current evaluation protocols impede further progress. First, existing methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Youwei Pang , Xiaoqi Zhao , Lihe Zhang , Huchuan Lu , Georges El Fakhri , Xiaofeng Liu , Shijian Lu

Infrared small target detection (IRSTD) is thus critical in both civilian and military applications. This study addresses the challenge of precisely IRSTD in complex backgrounds. Recent methods focus fundamental reliance on conventional…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-05 Yuxin Jing , Jufeng Zhao , Tianpei Zhang , Yiming Zhu

Idling vehicle detection (IVD) can be helpful in monitoring and reducing unnecessary idling and can be integrated into real-time systems to address the resulting pollution and harmful products. The previous approach [13], a non-end-to-end…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Xiwen Li , Rehman Mohammed , Tristalee Mangin , Surojit Saha , Ross T Whitaker , Kerry E. Kelly , Tolga Tasdizen

Infrared small target detection (ISTD) is critical in both civilian and military applications. However, the limited texture and structural information in infrared images makes accurate detection particularly challenging. Although recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Xingye Cui , Junhai Luo , Jiakun Deng , Kexuan Li , Xiangyu Qiu , Zhenming Peng
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