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Despite emerging efforts to enhance the safety of Vision-Language Models (VLMs), current approaches face two main shortcomings. 1) Existing safety-tuning datasets and benchmarks only partially consider how image-text interactions can yield…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Youngwan Lee , Kangsan Kim , Kwanyong Park , Ilcahe Jung , Soojin Jang , Seanie Lee , Yong-Ju Lee , Sung Ju Hwang

Full-Duplex Speech Language Models (FD-SLMs) enable real-time, overlapping conversational interactions, offering a more dynamic user experience compared to traditional half-duplex models. However, existing benchmarks primarily focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 He Zhang , Wenqian Cui , Haoning Xu , Xiaohui Li , Lei Zhu , Haoli Bai , Shaohua Ma , Irwin King

As large language models (LLMs) are deployed in multilingual settings, their safety behavior in culturally diverse, low-resource languages remains poorly understood. We present the first systematic evaluation of LLM safety across 12 Indic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Priyaranjan Pattnayak , Sanchari Chowdhuri

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have substantially improved single-turn task performance, yet real-world applications increasingly demand sophisticated multi-turn interactions. This survey provides a comprehensive review of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yubo Li , Xiaobin Shen , Yidi Miao , Xinyu Yao , Xueying Ding , Ramayya Krishnan , Rema Padman

As Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly power applications used by children and adolescents, ensuring safe and age-appropriate interactions has become an urgent ethical imperative. Despite progress in AI safety, current evaluations…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Junfeng Jiao , Saleh Afroogh , Kevin Chen , Abhejay Murali , David Atkinson , Amit Dhurandhar

The widespread adoption and increasing prominence of large language models (LLMs) in global technologies necessitate a rigorous focus on ensuring their safety across a diverse range of linguistic and cultural contexts. The lack of a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Zhiyuan Ning , Tianle Gu , Jiaxin Song , Shixin Hong , Lingyu Li , Huacan Liu , Jie Li , Yixu Wang , Meng Lingyu , Yan Teng , Yingchun Wang

The increasing deployment of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) raises safety concerns under potential malicious inputs. However, existing multimodal safety evaluations primarily focus on model vulnerabilities exposed by static image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Xuannan Liu , Zekun Li , Zheqi He , Peipei Li , Shuhan Xia , Xing Cui , Huaibo Huang , Xi Yang , Ran He

Large language models (LLMs) pose significant risks due to the potential for generating harmful content or users attempting to evade guardrails. Existing studies have developed LLM-based guard models designed to moderate the input and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Hongfu Liu , Hengguan Huang , Xiangming Gu , Hao Wang , Ye Wang

Toxicity detection in multimodal text-image content faces growing challenges, especially with multimodal implicit toxicity, where each modality appears benign on its own but conveys hazard when combined. Multimodal implicit toxicity appears…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Shiyao Cui , Qinglin Zhang , Xuan Ouyang , Renmiao Chen , Zhexin Zhang , Yida Lu , Hongning Wang , Han Qiu , Minlie Huang

Recent progress in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has unlocked powerful cross-modal reasoning abilities, but also raised new safety concerns, particularly when faced with adversarial multimodal inputs. To improve the safety of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Lyucheng Wu , Mengru Wang , Ziwen Xu , Tri Cao , Nay Oo , Bryan Hooi , Shumin Deng

Considerable research efforts have been devoted to ensuring that large language models (LLMs) align with human values and generate safe text. However, an excessive focus on sensitivity to certain topics can compromise the model's robustness…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Huachuan Qiu , Shuai Zhang , Anqi Li , Hongliang He , Zhenzhong Lan

Large Language Models (LLMs) are conversational interfaces. As such, LLMs have the potential to assist their users not only when they can fully specify the task at hand, but also to help them define, explore, and refine what they need…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Philippe Laban , Hiroaki Hayashi , Yingbo Zhou , Jennifer Neville

As AI systems become more integrated into daily life, the need for safer and more reliable moderation has never been greater. Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities, surpassing earlier models in complexity…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Naseem Machlovi , Maryam Saleki , Innocent Ababio , Ruhul Amin

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely integrated into interactive systems such as dialogue agents and task-oriented assistants. This growing ecosystem also raises supply-chain risks, where adversaries can distribute poisoned models that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yiyang Lu , Jinwen He , Yue Zhao , Kai Chen , Ruigang Liang , Cheng Hong , Yingjun Zhang

In the rapidly evolving field of Large Language Models (LLMs), ensuring safety is a crucial and widely discussed topic. However, existing works often overlook the geo-diversity of cultural and legal standards across the world. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Da Yin , Haoyi Qiu , Kung-Hsiang Huang , Kai-Wei Chang , Nanyun Peng

Dialogue safety remains a pervasive challenge in open-domain human-machine interaction. Existing approaches propose distinctive dialogue safety taxonomies and datasets for detecting explicitly harmful responses. However, these taxonomies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Huachuan Qiu , Tong Zhao , Anqi Li , Shuai Zhang , Hongliang He , Zhenzhong Lan

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable progress, yet remain critically vulnerable to adversarial attacks that exploit weaknesses in cross-modal processing. We present a systematic study of multimodal jailbreaks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Divyanshu Kumar , Shreyas Jena , Nitin Aravind Birur , Tanay Baswa , Sahil Agarwal , Prashanth Harshangi

As large language models (LLMs) become easily accessible nowadays, the trade-off between safety and helpfulness can significantly impact user experience. A model that prioritizes safety will cause users to feel less engaged and assisted…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Yi-Lin Tuan , Xilun Chen , Eric Michael Smith , Louis Martin , Soumya Batra , Asli Celikyilmaz , William Yang Wang , Daniel M. Bikel

Recent advancements in model architectures and length extrapolation techniques have significantly extended the context length of large language models (LLMs), paving the way for their application in increasingly complex tasks. However,…

Warning: This paper contains examples of harmful language, and reader discretion is recommended. The increasing open release of powerful large language models (LLMs) has facilitated the development of downstream applications by reducing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Xianjun Yang , Xiao Wang , Qi Zhang , Linda Petzold , William Yang Wang , Xun Zhao , Dahua Lin
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