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As generative AI models produce increasingly realistic output, both academia and industry are focusing on the ability to detect whether an output was generated by an AI model or not. Many of the research efforts and policy discourse are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Houssam Kherraz

LLM watermarks allow tracing AI-generated texts by inserting a detectable signal into their generated content. Recent works have proposed a wide range of watermarking algorithms, each with distinct designs, usually built using a bottom-up…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Thibaud Gloaguen , Robin Staab , Nikola Jovanović , Martin Vechev

Watermarking of language model outputs enables statistical detection of model-generated text, which can mitigate harms and misuses of language models. Existing watermarking strategies operate by altering the decoder of an existing language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Chenchen Gu , Xiang Lisa Li , Percy Liang , Tatsunori Hashimoto

Watermarking plays a key role in the provenance and detection of AI-generated content. While existing methods prioritize robustness against real-world distortions (e.g., JPEG compression and noise addition), we reveal a fundamental…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Zhongjie Ba , Yitao Zhang , Peng Cheng , Bin Gong , Xinyu Zhang , Qinglong Wang , Kui Ren

In light of recent advancements in generative AI models, it has become essential to distinguish genuine content from AI-generated one to prevent the malicious usage of fake materials as authentic ones and vice versa. Various techniques have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Mehrdad Saberi , Vinu Sankar Sadasivan , Keivan Rezaei , Aounon Kumar , Atoosa Chegini , Wenxiao Wang , Soheil Feizi

Digital image watermarking is the process of embedding and extracting watermark covertly on a carrier image. Incorporating deep learning networks with image watermarking has attracted increasing attention during recent years. However,…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Xin Zhong , Frank Y. Shih

The widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs) necessitates reliable methods to detect LLM-generated text. We introduce SimMark, a robust sentence-level watermarking algorithm that makes LLMs' outputs traceable without requiring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Amirhossein Dabiriaghdam , Lele Wang

Data leakage from API responses has drawn wide attention. APIs are often not fully regulated, making them easy to abuse. One common solution is to embed watermarks into API responses for traceability. However, existing watermarking methods…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Yifei Zhou , Xianjun Gu , Xinyu Dai , Ming Liu , Lansheng Han

AI-powered generative models have significantly expanded the possibilities for editing, manipulating, and creating high-quality images. Particularly, images that falsely appear to originate from trusted sources pose a serious threat,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Mathias Graf , Marco Willi , Melanie Mathys , Michael Aerni , Christian Schwarzer , Martin Melchior , Michael H. Graber

Speaker anonymization aims to suppress speaker individuality to protect privacy in speech while preserving the other aspects, such as speech content. One effective solution for anonymization is to modify the McAdams coefficient. In this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-16 Candy Olivia Mawalim , Masashi Unoki

The promise of LLM watermarking rests on a core assumption that a specific watermark proves authorship by a specific model. We demonstrate that this assumption is dangerously flawed. We introduce the threat of watermark spoofing, a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Hyeseon An , Shinwoo Park , Suyeon Woo , Yo-Sub Han

Deepfake audio presents a growing threat to digital security, due to its potential for social engineering, fraud, and identity misuse. However, existing detection models suffer from poor generalization across datasets, due to implicit…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yasaman Ahmadiadli , Xiao-Ping Zhang , Naimul Khan

Watermarking is a technique that involves embedding nearly unnoticeable statistical signals within generated content to help trace its source. This work focuses on a scenario where an untrusted third-party user sends prompts to a trusted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Xingchi Li , Guanxun Li , Xianyang Zhang

Invisible watermarking for autoregressive (AR) image generation has recently gained attention as a means of protecting image ownership and tracing AI-generated content. However, existing approaches suffer from three key limitations: (1)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Yigit Yilmaz , Elena Petrova , Mehmet Kaya , Lucia Rossi , Amir Rahman

This paper presents the first study on the impact of audio watermarking on spoofing countermeasures. While anti-spoofing systems are essential for securing speech-based applications, the influence of widely used audio watermarking,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Zhenshan Zhang , Xueping Zhang , Yechen Wang , Liwei Jin , Ming Li

Deep neural networks are playing an important role in many real-life applications. After being trained with abundant data and computing resources, a deep neural network model providing service is endowed with economic value. An important…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Fangqi Li , Shilin Wang

Natural language processing (NLP) technology has shown great commercial value in applications such as sentiment analysis. But NLP models are vulnerable to the threat of pirated redistribution, damaging the economic interests of model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-21 Long Dai , Jiarong Mao , Xuefeng Fan , Xiaoyi Zhou

Modern audio is created by mixing stems from different sources, raising the question: can we independently watermark each stem and recover all watermarks after separation? We study a separation-first, multi-stream watermarking…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Houmin Sun , Zi Hu , Linxi Li , Yechen Wang , Liwei Jin , Ming Li

Watermarking has become a plausible candidate for ownership verification and intellectual property protection of deep neural networks. Regarding image classification neural networks, current watermarking schemes uniformly resort to backdoor…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Fangqi Li , Shilin Wang

Watermarking is a crucial tool for safeguarding copyrights and can serve as a more aesthetically pleasing alternative to QR codes. In recent years, watermarking methods based on deep learning have proved superior robustness against complex…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Zhe Lei , Jie Zhang , Jingtao Li , Weiming Zhang , Nenghai Yu