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Currently, utilizing large language models to understand the 3D world is becoming popular. Yet existing 3D-aware LLMs act as black boxes: they output bounding boxes or textual answers without revealing how those decisions are made, and they…
Vision-language models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in understanding and reasoning about visual content, but significant challenges persist in tasks requiring cross-viewpoint understanding and spatial reasoning. We…
Spatial reasoning is a core component of human cognition, enabling individuals to perceive, comprehend, and interact with the physical world. It relies on a nuanced understanding of spatial structures and inter-object relationships, serving…
SpatialLM is a large language model designed to process 3D point cloud data and generate structured 3D scene understanding outputs. These outputs include architectural elements like walls, doors, windows, and oriented object boxes with…
Spatial reasoning is a cornerstone capability for intelligent systems to perceive and interact with the physical world. However, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) frequently suffer from hallucinations and imprecision when parsing…
Vision Language Models (VLMs) perform well on standard video tasks but struggle with physics-related reasoning involving motion dynamics and spatial interactions. We present a novel approach to address this gap by translating physical-world…
Spatial reasoning is a fundamental capability of multimodal large language models (MLLMs), yet their performance in open aerial environments remains underexplored. In this work, we present Open3D-VQA, a novel benchmark for evaluating MLLMs'…
New era has unlocked exciting possibilities for extending Large Language Models (LLMs) to tackle 3D vision-language tasks. However, most existing 3D multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) rely on compressing holistic 3D scene information or segmenting…
Are current Vision Language Models (VLMs) ready to comprehend and reason about complex embodied interactions in 3D environments? We introduce Embodied3DBench, a robot-centric benchmark targeting low-level spatial intelligence in embodied 3D…
Understanding and reasoning about spatial relationships is a fundamental capability for Visual Question Answering (VQA) and robotics. While Vision Language Models (VLM) have demonstrated remarkable performance in certain VQA benchmarks,…
Recent advancements in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have significantly enhanced performance on 2D visual tasks. However, improving their spatial intelligence remains a challenge. Existing 3D MLLMs always rely on additional 3D or…
Open-vocabulary 3D visual grounding and reasoning aim to localize objects in a scene based on implicit language descriptions, even when they are occluded. This ability is crucial for tasks such as vision-language navigation and autonomous…
Despite rapid progress, embodied agents still struggle with long-horizon manipulation that requires maintaining spatial consistency, causal dependencies, and goal constraints. A key limitation of existing approaches is that task reasoning…
Spatial tracing, as a fundamental embodied interaction ability for robots, is inherently challenging as it requires multi-step metric-grounded reasoning compounded with complex spatial referring and real-world metric measurement. However,…
Spatial intelligence is emerging as a transformative frontier in AI, yet it remains constrained by the scarcity of large-scale 3D datasets. Unlike the abundant 2D imagery, acquiring 3D data typically requires specialized sensors and…
Geospatial pixel reasoning aims to generate segmentation masks in remote sensing imagery directly from natural-language instructions. Most existing approaches follow a paradigm that fine-tunes multimodal large language models under…
Spatial reasoning is a crucial component of both biological and artificial intelligence. In this work, we present a comprehensive study of the capability of current state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) on spatial reasoning. To…
We introduce GSU, a text-only grid dataset to evaluate the spatial reasoning capabilities of LLMs over 3 core tasks: navigation, object localization, and structure composition. By forgoing visual inputs, isolating spatial reasoning from…
Achieving human-like spatial intelligence for vision-language models (VLMs) requires inferring 3D structures from 2D observations, recognizing object properties and relations in 3D space, and performing high-level spatial reasoning. In this…
Spatial reasoning is a critical capability for intelligent robots, yet current vision-language models (VLMs) still fall short of human-level performance in video-based spatial reasoning. This gap mainly stems from two challenges: a…