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Phishing email detection faces significant challenges due to evolving adversarial tactics and heterogeneous attack patterns. Traditional approaches, such as rule-based filters and denylists, often struggle to keep pace, leading to missed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yinuo Xue , Eric Spero , Meng Wai Woo , Wei Gao , Giovanni Russello

Phishing detection is a critical cybersecurity task that involves the identification and neutralization of fraudulent attempts to obtain sensitive information, thereby safeguarding individuals and organizations from data breaches and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Huilin Wang , Bryan Hooi

Phishing and spam detection is long standing challenge that has been the subject of much academic research. Large Language Models (LLM) have vast potential to transform society and provide new and innovative approaches to solve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Suhaima Jamal , Hayden Wimmer

Phishing attacks have become a serious and challenging issue for detection, explanation, and defense. Despite more than a decade of research on phishing, encompassing both technical and non-technical remedies, phishing continues to be a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Van Nguyen , Tingmin Wu , Xingliang Yuan , Marthie Grobler , Surya Nepal , Carsten Rudolph

To address the challenging problem of detecting phishing webpages, researchers have developed numerous solutions, in particular those based on machine learning (ML) algorithms. Among these, brand-based phishing detection that uses models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Jehyun Lee , Peiyuan Lim , Bryan Hooi , Dinil Mon Divakaran

Modern organizations are persistently targeted by phishing emails. Despite advances in detection systems and widespread employee training, attackers continue to innovate, posing ongoing threats. Two emerging vectors stand out in the current…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Marie Weinz , Nicola Zannone , Luca Allodi , Giovanni Apruzzese

Phishing attacks remain a critical cybersecurity threat. Attackers constantly refine their methods, making phishing emails harder to detect. Traditional detection methods, including rule-based systems and supervised machine learning models,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Ngoc Tuong Vy Nguyen , Felix D Childress , Yunting Yin

Voice phishing (vishing) remains a persistent threat in cybersecurity, exploiting human trust through persuasive speech. While machine learning (ML)-based classifiers have shown promise in detecting malicious call transcripts, they remain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Wenhao Li , Selvakumar Manickam , Yung-wey Chong , Shankar Karuppayah

Phishing, whether through email, SMS, or malicious websites, poses a major threat to organizations by using social engineering to trick users into revealing sensitive information. It not only compromises company's data security but also…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Sakshi Mahendru , Tejul Pandit

Spear-phishing attacks present a significant security challenge, with large language models (LLMs) escalating the threat by generating convincing emails and facilitating target reconnaissance. To address this, we propose a detection…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Daniel Nahmias , Gal Engelberg , Dan Klein , Asaf Shabtai

The escalating sophistication of phishing emails necessitates a shift beyond traditional rule-based and conventional machine-learning-based detectors. Although large language models (LLMs) offer strong natural language understanding, using…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Abrar Hamed Al Barwani , Abdelaziz Amara Korba , Raja Waseem Anwar

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained prominence in various applications, including security. This paper explores the utility of LLMs in scam detection, a critical aspect of cybersecurity. Unlike traditional applications, we propose a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Liming Jiang

Phishing is one of the most prolific cybercriminal activities, with attacks becoming increasingly sophisticated. It is, therefore, imperative to explore novel technologies to improve user protection across both technical and human…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Giuseppe Desolda , Francesco Greco , Luca Viganò

Phishing attacks represent a significant cybersecurity threat, necessitating adaptive detection techniques. This study explores few-shot Adaptive Linguistic Prompting (ALP) in detecting phishing webpages through the multimodal capabilities…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Atharva Bhargude , Ishan Gonehal , Dave Yoon , Kaustubh Vinnakota , Chandler Haney , Aaron Sandoval , Kevin Zhu

Identifying deceptive content like phishing emails demands sophisticated cognitive processes that combine pattern recognition, confidence assessment, and contextual analysis. This research examines how human cognition and machine learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Paras Jain , Khushi Dhar , Olyemi E. Amujo , Esa M. Rantanen

Email phishing has become more prevalent and grows more sophisticated over time. To combat this rise, many machine learning (ML) algorithms for detecting phishing emails have been developed. However, due to the limited email data sets on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-19 Mariya Shmalko , Alsharif Abuadbba , Raj Gaire , Tingmin Wu , Hye-Young Paik , Surya Nepal

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a promising phishing detection mechanism, addressing the limitations of traditional deep learning-based detectors, including poor generalization to previously unseen websites and a lack of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Fujiao Ji , Doowon Kim

The way we communicate and work has changed significantly with the rise of the Internet. While it has opened up new opportunities, it has also brought about an increase in cyber threats. One common and serious threat is phishing, where…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Furkan Çolhak , Mert İlhan Ecevit , Bilal Emir Uçar , Reiner Creutzburg , Hasan Dağ

With increasingly more sophisticated phishing campaigns in recent years, phishing emails lure people using more legitimate-looking personal contexts. To tackle this problem, instead of traditional heuristics-based algorithms, more adaptive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Yuwei Sun , Ng Chong , Hideya Ochiai

Phishing attacks are one of the trending cyber attacks that apply socially engineered messages that are communicated to people from professional hackers aiming at fooling users to reveal their sensitive information, the most popular…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-08-09 Adwan Yasin , Abdelmunem Abuhasan