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Large Language Models (LLMs) have been shown to achieve breakthrough performance on complex logical reasoning tasks. Nevertheless, most existing research focuses on employing formal language to guide LLMs to derive reliable reasoning paths,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Jin Jiang , Jianing Wang , Yuchen Yan , Yang Liu , Jianhua Zhu , Mengdi Zhang , Xunliang Cai , Liangcai Gao

Large language models (LLMs) are known to exhibit brittle behavior under adversarial prompts and jailbreak attacks, even after extensive alignment and fine-tuning. This fragility reflects a broader challenge of modern neural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Patrick Cooper , Alireza Nadali , Ashutosh Trivedi , Alvaro Velasquez

The capabilities and limitations of Large Language Models have been sketched out in great detail in recent years, providing an intriguing yet conflicting picture. On the one hand, LLMs demonstrate a general ability to solve problems. On the…

Large Language Models (LLMs) effectiveness is usually evaluated by means of benchmarks such as MMLU, ARC-C, or HellaSwag, where questions are presented in their original wording, thus in a fixed, standardized format. However, real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Riccardo Lunardi , Vincenzo Della Mea , Stefano Mizzaro , Kevin Roitero

Large language models (LLMs) have shown tremendous success in following user instructions and generating helpful responses. Nevertheless, their robustness is still far from optimal, as they may generate significantly inconsistent responses…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Yukun Zhao , Lingyong Yan , Weiwei Sun , Guoliang Xing , Shuaiqiang Wang , Chong Meng , Zhicong Cheng , Zhaochun Ren , Dawei Yin

In many reasoning tasks, large language models (LLMs) rely on structured external knowledge, such as graphs and tables, which is typically linearized into sequential token representations. However, even when sufficient knowledge is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Shanghao Li , Jinda Han , Yibo Wang , Yuanjie Zhu , Zihe Song , Langzhou He , Kenan Kamel A Alghythee , Philip S. Yu

With the growing popularity of general-purpose Large Language Models (LLMs), comes a need for more global explanations of model behaviors. Concept-based explanations arise as a promising avenue for explaining high-level patterns learned by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Meng Li , Haoran Jin , Ruixuan Huang , Zhihao Xu , Defu Lian , Zijia Lin , Di Zhang , Xiting Wang

One of the most common complaints about large language models (LLMs) is their prompt sensitivity -- that is, the fact that their ability to perform a task or provide a correct answer to a question can depend unpredictably on the way the…

Large Language Models (LLMs) often produce explanations that do not faithfully reflect the factors driving their predictions. In healthcare settings, such unfaithfulness is especially problematic: explanations that omit salient clinical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Teague McMillan , Gabriele Dominici , Martin Gjoreski , Marc Langheinrich

The output of large language models (LLMs) is unstable, due both to non-determinism of the decoding process as well as to prompt brittleness. While the intrinsic non-determinism of LLM generation may mimic existing uncertainty in human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Jiahui Li , Sean Papay , Roman Klinger

Large language models are often assumed to acquire increasingly structured, generalizable internal representations simply by scaling data and parameters. We interrogate this assumption by introducing a Clinical Trial Natural Language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Maël Jullien , Marco Valentino , André Freitas

Despite the impressive adaptability of large language models (LLMs), challenges remain in ensuring their security, transparency, and interpretability. Given their susceptibility to adversarial attacks, LLMs need to be defended with an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Tomas Bueno Momcilovic , Beat Buesser , Giulio Zizzo , Mark Purcell , Dian Balta

There is a growing literature on reasoning by large language models (LLMs), but the discussion on the uncertainty in their responses is still lacking. Our aim is to assess the extent of confidence that LLMs have in their answers and how it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Yudi Pawitan , Chris Holmes

The public often attributes human-like qualities to large language models (LLMs) and assumes they "know" certain things. In reality, LLMs encode information retained during training as internal probabilistic knowledge. This study examines…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Germans Savcisens , Tina Eliassi-Rad

While large pretrained language models (PLMs) demonstrate incredible fluency and performance on many natural language tasks, recent work has shown that well-performing PLMs are very sensitive to what prompts are feed into them. Even when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Harsh Raj , Domenic Rosati , Subhabrata Majumdar

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable generative capabilities but raise ethical and security concerns by memorizing sensitive data, reinforcing biases, and producing harmful content. These risks have spurred interest in LLM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Changsheng Wang , Yihua Zhang , Dennis Wei , Jinghan Jia , Pin-Yu Chen , Sijia Liu

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across a variety of tasks, but their increasing autonomy in real-world applications raises concerns about their trustworthiness. While hallucinations-unintentional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Haoran Huan , Mihir Prabhudesai , Mengning Wu , Shantanu Jaiswal , Deepak Pathak

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as highly capable systems and are increasingly being integrated into various uses. However, the rapid pace of their deployment has outpaced a comprehensive understanding of their internal mechanisms…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Gabriele Prato , Jerry Huang , Prasanna Parthasarathi , Shagun Sodhani , Sarath Chandar

The increasing reliance on large language models (LLMs) for diverse applications necessitates a thorough understanding of their robustness to adversarial perturbations and out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs. In this study, we investigate the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 April Yang , Jordan Tab , Parth Shah , Paul Kotchavong

Despite their impressive performance on diverse tasks, large language models (LMs) still struggle with tasks requiring rich world knowledge, implying the limitations of relying solely on their parameters to encode a wealth of world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Alex Mallen , Akari Asai , Victor Zhong , Rajarshi Das , Daniel Khashabi , Hannaneh Hajishirzi