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Recent research has explored the creation of questions from code submitted by students. These Questions about Learners' Code (QLCs) are created through program analysis, exploring execution paths, and then creating code comprehension…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Teemu Lehtinen , Charles Koutcheme , Arto Hellas

Massive training of developers following the growing demands of the information technology industry requires teachers to automate their repetitive tasks. For training courses on programming, it is promising to use automatic generation and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Peter Sovietov

As Computational Thinking (CT) continues to permeate younger age groups in K-12 education, established CT platforms such as Scratch face challenges in catering to these younger learners, particularly those in the elementary school (ages…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Liuqing Chen , Shuhong Xiao , Yunnong Chen , Ruoyu Wu , Yaxuan Song , Lingyun Sun

We present a self-learning approach for synthesizing programs from integer sequences. Our method relies on a tree search guided by a learned policy. Our system is tested on the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. There, it discovers,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Thibault Gauthier , Josef Urban

In computer science, students are encouraged to learn various programming languages such as Python, C++, and Java, equipping them with a broad range of technical skills and problem-solving capabilities. Nevertheless, the design of objective…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Jongwook Si , Sungyoung Kim

This research is aimed to propose an artificial intelligence algorithm comprising an ontology-based design, text mining, and natural language processing for automatically generating gap-fill multiple choice questions (MCQs). The simulation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-24 Pornpat Sirithumgul , Pimpaka Prasertsilp , Lorne Olfman

As an integral part of source code files, code comments help improve program readability and comprehension. However, developers sometimes do not comment on their program code adequately due to the incurred extra efforts, lack of relevant…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-07-31 Xiaotao Song , Hailong Sun , Xu Wang , Jiafei Yan

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) offers new possibilities for generating personalized programming exercises, addressing the need for individual practice. However, the task quality along with the student perspective on such…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Sven Jacobs , Henning Peters , Steffen Jaschke , Natalie Kiesler

Automatic evaluation of generative tasks using large language models faces challenges due to ambiguous criteria. Although automatic checklist generation is a potentially promising approach, its usefulness remains underexplored. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Momoka Furuhashi , Kouta Nakayama , Takashi Kodama , Saku Sugawara

We consider the problem of generating automatic code given sample input-output pairs. We train a neural network to map from the current state and the outputs to the program's next statement. The neural network optimizes multiple tasks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Amit Zohar , Lior Wolf

Block-based programming environments such as Scratch are widely used in introductory computing education, yet scalable and reliable automated assessment remains elusive. Scratch programs are highly heterogeneous, event-driven, and visually…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Donglin Li , Daming Li , Hanyuan Shi , Jialu Zhang

Learning basic programming with Scratch can be hard for novices and tutors alike: Students may not know how to advance when solving a task, teachers may face classrooms with many raised hands at a time, and the problem is exacerbated when…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-05-13 Florian Obermüller , Ute Heuer , Gordon Fraser

When students write programs, their program structure provides insight into their learning process. However, analyzing program structure by hand is time-consuming, and teachers need better tools for computer-assisted exploration of student…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Will Crichton , Georgia Gabriela Sampaio , Pat Hanrahan

AI-powered education technologies can support students and teachers in computer science education. However, with the recent developments in generative AI, and especially the increasingly emerging popularity of ChatGPT, the effectiveness of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Nora Dunder , Saga Lundborg , Olga Viberg , Jacqueline Wong

The size and complexity of software applications is increasing at an accelerating pace. Source code repositories (along with their dependencies) require vast amounts of labor to keep them tested, maintained, and up to date. As the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Ivan R. Ivanov , Joachim Meyer , Aiden Grossman , William S. Moses , Johannes Doerfert

Programmable robots are engaging and fun to play with, interact with the real world, and are therefore well suited to introduce young learners to programming. Introductory robot programming languages often extend existing block-based…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Florian Obermüller , Robert Pernerstorfer , Lisa Bailey , Ute Heuer , Gordon Fraser

We gained insight into ideas and beliefs on testing of students who finished an introductory course on programming without any formal education on testing. We asked students to fill in a small survey, to do four exercises and to fill in a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-02-19 Lex Bijlsma , Niels Doorn , Harrie Passier , Harold Pootjes , Sylvia Stuurman

The prevalence of online platforms and studies has generated the demand for automated grading tools, and as a result, there are plenty in the market. Such tools are developed to grade coding assignments quickly, accurately, and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Aditi Agrawal , Benjamin Reed

The use of question-based activities (QBAs) is wide-spread in education, traditionally forming an integral part of the learning and assessment process. In this paper, we design and evaluate an automated question generation tool for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Ayan Kumar Bhowmick , Ashish Jagmohan , Aditya Vempaty , Prasenjit Dey , Leigh Hall , Jeremy Hartman , Ravi Kokku , Hema Maheshwari

Block-based programming languages like Scratch are increasingly popular for programming education and end-user programming. Recent program analyses build on the insight that source code can be modelled using techniques from natural language…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Elisabeth Griebl , Benedikt Fein , Florian Obermüller , Gordon Fraser , René Just