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Goals for reinforcement learning problems are typically defined through hand-specified rewards. To design such problems, developers of learning algorithms must inherently be aware of what the task goals are, yet we often require agents to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-29 Ashley D. Edwards , Laura Downs , James C. Davidson

Questions remain on the robustness of data-driven learning methods when crossing the gap from simulation to reality. We utilize weight anchoring, a method known from continual learning, to cultivate and fixate desired behavior in Neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Steffen Gracla , Edgar Beck , Carsten Bockelmann , Armin Dekorsy

Transformers replace recurrence with a memory that grows with sequence length and self-attention that enables ad-hoc lookups over past tokens. Consequently, they lack an inherent incentive to compress history into compact latent states with…

Reinforcement learning often uses neural networks to solve complex control tasks. However, neural networks are sensitive to input perturbations, which makes their deployment in safety-critical environments challenging. This work lifts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Manuel Wendl , Lukas Koller , Tobias Ladner , Matthias Althoff

Reinforcement learning substantially improves reasoning in large language models, but it also tends to lengthen chain of thought outputs and increase computational cost during both training and inference. Though length control methods have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Daisuke Nohara , Taishi Nakamura , Rio Yokota

Reasoning is a key component of language understanding in Large Language Models. While Chain-of-Thought prompting enhances performance via explicit intermediate steps, it suffers from sufficient token overhead and a fixed reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Xinyuan Wang , Dongjie Wang , Wangyang Ying , Haoyue Bai , Nanxu Gong , Sixun Dong , Kunpeng Liu , Yanjie Fu

In recent years some researchers have explored the use of reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms as key components in the solution of various natural language processing tasks. For instance, some of these algorithms leveraging deep neural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Victor Uc-Cetina , Nicolas Navarro-Guerrero , Anabel Martin-Gonzalez , Cornelius Weber , Stefan Wermter

Traditional automated theorem provers for first-order logic depend on speed-optimized search and many handcrafted heuristics that are designed to work best over a wide range of domains. Machine learning approaches in literature either…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-21 Eser Aygün , Laurent Orseau , Ankit Anand , Xavier Glorot , Vlad Firoiu , Lei M. Zhang , Doina Precup , Shibl Mourad

We apply reinforcement learning techniques to topic modeling by replacing the variational autoencoder in ProdLDA with a continuous action space reinforcement learning policy. We train the system with a policy gradient algorithm REINFORCE.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Jeremy Costello , Marek Z. Reformat

Self-training is a useful strategy for semi-supervised learning, leveraging raw texts for enhancing model performances. Traditional self-training methods depend on heuristics such as model confidence for instance selection, the manual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-17 Chenhua Chen , Yue Zhang

Large transformer models trained on diverse datasets have shown a remarkable ability to learn in-context, achieving high few-shot performance on tasks they were not explicitly trained to solve. In this paper, we study the in-context…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Jonathan N. Lee , Annie Xie , Aldo Pacchiano , Yash Chandak , Chelsea Finn , Ofir Nachum , Emma Brunskill

This thesis explores how deep learning models learn over time, using ideas inspired by force analysis. Specifically, we zoom in on the model's training procedure to see how one training example affects another during learning, like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Yi Ren

Deep reinforcement learning has achieved many impressive results in recent years. However, tasks with sparse rewards or long horizons continue to pose significant challenges. To tackle these important problems, we propose a general…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-04-12 Carlos Florensa , Yan Duan , Pieter Abbeel

Reinforcement learning algorithms are defined by their learning update rules, which are typically hand-designed and fixed. We present an evolutionary framework for discovering reinforcement learning algorithms by searching directly over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Alkis Sygkounas , Amy Loutfi , Andreas Persson

We propose Re-FORC, an adaptive reward prediction method that, given a context, enables prediction of the expected future rewards as a function of the number of future thinking tokens. Re-FORC trains a lightweight adapter on reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Renos Zabounidis , Aditya Golatkar , Michael Kleinman , Alessandro Achille , Wei Xia , Stefano Soatto

Reinforcement Learning (RL)-based post-training has significantly advanced the complex reasoning capabilities of language models, fostering sophisticated self-reflection processes. However, this ``slow thinking'' paradigm presents a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Xu Wan , Wei Wang , Wenyue Xu , Wotao Yin , Jie Song , Mingyang Sun

In the past few years, deep reinforcement learning has been proven to solve problems which have complex states like video games or board games. The next step of intelligent agents would be able to generalize between tasks, and using prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-05 Shu-Hsuan Hsu , I-Chao Shen , Bing-Yu Chen

Planning and reinforcement learning are two key approaches to sequential decision making. Multi-step approximate real-time dynamic programming, a recently successful algorithm class of which AlphaZero [Silver et al., 2018] is an example,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-18 Thomas M. Moerland , Anna Deichler , Simone Baldi , Joost Broekens , Catholijn M. Jonker

Sentence compression reduces the length of text by removing non-essential content while preserving important facts and grammaticality. Unsupervised objective driven methods for sentence compression can be used to create customized models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-18 Demian Gholipour Ghalandari , Chris Hokamp , Georgiana Ifrim

Discrete diffusion models have recently become competitive with autoregressive models for language modeling, even outperforming them on reasoning tasks requiring planning and global coherence, but they require more computation at inference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Andre He , Sean Welleck , Daniel Fried