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Transformer-based Large Language Models rely critically on the KV cache to efficiently handle extended contexts during the decode phase. Yet, the size of the KV cache grows proportionally with the input length, burdening both memory…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Payman Behnam , Yaosheng Fu , Ritchie Zhao , Po-An Tsai , Zhiding Yu , Alexey Tumanov

With the widespread deployment of long-context large language models (LLMs), there has been a growing demand for efficient support of high-throughput inference. However, as the key-value (KV) cache expands with the sequence length, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Hanshi Sun , Li-Wen Chang , Wenlei Bao , Size Zheng , Ningxin Zheng , Xin Liu , Harry Dong , Yuejie Chi , Beidi Chen

We propose ReKV, a novel training-free approach that enables efficient streaming video question-answering (StreamingVQA), by seamlessly integrating with existing Video Large Language Models (Video-LLMs). Traditional VideoQA systems struggle…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Shangzhe Di , Zhelun Yu , Guanghao Zhang , Haoyuan Li , Tao Zhong , Hao Cheng , Bolin Li , Wanggui He , Fangxun Shu , Hao Jiang

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) rely on key-value (KV) caching to avoid redundant computation during autoregressive inference. While this mechanism greatly improves efficiency, the cache size grows linearly with the input…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Jinwoo Ahn , Ingyu Seong , Akhil Kedia , Junhan Kim , Hyemi Jang , Kangwook Lee , Yongkweon Jeon

The key-value (KV) cache is a major bottleneck in long-context inference, where memory and computation grow with sequence length. Existing KV eviction methods reduce this cost but typically degrade performance relative to full-cache…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Ngoc Bui , Hieu Trung Nguyen , Arman Cohan , Rex Ying

The key-value (KV) cache is a foundational optimization in Transformer-based large language models (LLMs), eliminating redundant recomputation of past token representations during autoregressive generation. However, its memory footprint…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yichun Xu , Navjot K. Khaira , Tejinder Singh

Long-context inference in Large Language Models (LLMs) is bottlenecked by the linear growth of Key-Value (KV) cache memory. Existing KV cache compression paradigms are fundamentally limited by heuristics: heuristic budgeting relies on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Enshuai Zhou , Yifan Hao , Chao Wang , Rui Zhang , Di Huang , Jiaming Guo , Xing Hu , Zidong Du , Qi Guo , Yunji Chen

Global KV-cache sharing is an effective optimization for accelerating large language model (LLM) inference, yet it introduces an API-visible timing side channel that lets adversaries infer sensitive user inputs from shared entries, leading…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Kexin Chu , Zecheng Lin , Dawei Xiang , Zixu Shen , Jianchang Su , Cheng Chu , Yiwei Yang , Wenhui Zhang , Wenfei Wu , Wei Zhang

The quadratic computational complexity of the standard attention mechanism constitutes a fundamental bottleneck for large language models in long-context inference. While existing KV cache compression methods alleviate memory pressure, they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Jinyu Guo , Zhihan Zhang , Jiehui Xie , Md. Tamim Iqbal , Dongshen Han , Lik-Hang Lee , Sung-Ho Bae , Jie Zou , Yang Yang , Chaoning Zhang

Efficient KV cache management in LLMs is crucial for long-context tasks like RAG and summarization. Existing KV cache compression methods enforce a fixed pattern, neglecting task-specific characteristics and reducing the retention of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Xiabin Zhou , Wenbin Wang , Minyan Zeng , Jiaxian Guo , Xuebo Liu , Li Shen , Min Zhang , Liang Ding

Recently the generative Large Language Model (LLM) has achieved remarkable success in numerous applications. Notably its inference generates output tokens one-by-one, leading to many redundant computations. The widely-used KV-Cache…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Weizhuo Li , Zhigang Wang , Yu Gu , Ge Yu

Long Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning has significantly advanced the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), but this progress is accompanied by substantial memory and latency overhead from the extensive Key-Value (KV) cache. Although…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Tao Zhang , Ziqian Zeng , Hao Peng , Huiping Zhuang , Cen Chen

While large language models (LLMs) excel at handling long-context sequences, they require substantial prefill computation and key-value (KV) cache, which can heavily burden computational efficiency and memory usage in both prefill and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Dongwon Jo , Jiwon Song , Yulhwa Kim , Jae-Joon Kim

As the length of input text increases, the key-value (KV) cache in LLMs imposes prohibitive GPU memory costs and limits long-context inference on resource constrained devices. Existing approaches, such as KV quantization and pruning, reduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Tenghui Li , Guoxu Zhou , Xuyang Zhao , Yuning Qiu , Qibin Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized the field of natural language processing, achieving unprecedented performance across a variety of applications. However, their increased computational and memory demands present significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Yuhui Xu , Zhanming Jie , Hanze Dong , Lei Wang , Xudong Lu , Aojun Zhou , Amrita Saha , Caiming Xiong , Doyen Sahoo

The increasing memory demand of the Key-Value (KV) cache poses a significant bottleneck for Large Language Models (LLMs) in long-context applications. Existing low-rank KV compression methods reduce this footprint by modifying model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Shiyu Ji , Yixuan Wang , Yijun Liu , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che

Large language models have revolutionized natural language processing but face significant challenges of high storage and runtime costs, due to the transformer architecture's reliance on self-attention, particularly the large KV cache for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yuan Feng , Junlin Lv , Haoyu Guo , Yukun Cao , S Kevin Zhou , Xike Xie

This paper introduces MadaKV, a modality-adaptive key-value (KV) cache eviction strategy designed to enhance the efficiency of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) in long-context inference. In multimodal scenarios, attention heads…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Kunxi Li , Zhonghua Jiang , Zhouzhou Shen , Zhaode Wang , Chengfei Lv , Shengyu Zhang , Fan Wu , Fei Wu

In Large Language Model (LLM) inference, Key-Value (KV) caches (KV-caches) are essential for reducing time complexity. However, they result in a linear increase in GPU memory as the context length grows. While recent work explores KV-cache…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Ahmed Burak Gulhan , Krishna Teja Chitty-Venkata , Murali Emani , Mahmut Kandemir , Venkatram Vishwanath

Given the quadratic complexity of attention, KV cache eviction is vital to accelerate model inference. Current KV cache eviction methods typically rely on instantaneous heuristic metrics, implicitly assuming that score magnitudes are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Ziyao Tang , Pengkun Jiao , Xinhang Chen , Wei Liu , Shiyong Li , Jingjing Chen