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Large Language Models (LLMs) deployed in agentic environments must exercise multiple capabilities across different task instances, where a capability is performing one or more actions in a trajectory that are necessary for successfully…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Hangoo Kang , Tarun Suresh , Jon Saad-Falcon , Azalia Mirhoseini

AI control protocols use monitors to detect attacks by untrusted AI agents, but standard single-score monitors face two limitations: they miss subtle attacks where outputs look clean but reasoning is off, and they collapse to near-zero…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Khanh Linh Nguyen , Hoa Nghiem , Tu Tran

Agentic AI systems -- Large Language Models (LLMs) augmented with planning, tool use, memory, and long-horizon interactions -- can execute complex tasks autonomously, but their multi-step trajectories introduce new failure modes that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jinhu Qi , Muzhi Li , Jiahong Liu , Yuqin Shu , Dianzhi Yu , Shicheng Ma , Wenqian Cui , Yiyang Zhao , Yiyi Chen , Ruoxi Jiang , Irwin King , Zenglin Xu

Despite their growing adoption across domains, large language model (LLM)-powered agents face significant security risks from backdoor attacks during training and fine-tuning. These compromised agents can subsequently be manipulated to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Li Changjiang , Liang Jiacheng , Cao Bochuan , Chen Jinghui , Wang Ting

With the integration of large language models (LLMs), embodied agents have strong capabilities to understand and plan complicated natural language instructions. However, a foreseeable issue is that those embodied agents can also flawlessly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Sheng Yin , Xianghe Pang , Yuanzhuo Ding , Menglan Chen , Yutong Bi , Yichen Xiong , Wenhao Huang , Zhen Xiang , Jing Shao , Siheng Chen

As multi-agent AI systems are increasingly deployed in real-world settings - from automated customer support to DevOps remediation - failures become harder to diagnose due to cascading effects, hidden dependencies, and long execution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Zhaohui Geoffrey Wang

With the continuous development of large language models (LLMs), transformer-based models have made groundbreaking advances in numerous natural language processing (NLP) tasks, leading to the emergence of a series of agents that use LLMs as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Yuyou Gan , Yong Yang , Zhe Ma , Ping He , Rui Zeng , Yiming Wang , Qingming Li , Chunyi Zhou , Songze Li , Ting Wang , Yunjun Gao , Yingcai Wu , Shouling Ji

Large Language Model (LLM) agents, which integrate planning, memory, reflection, and tool-use modules, have shown promise in solving complex, multi-step tasks. Yet their sophisticated architectures amplify vulnerability to cascading…

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have empowered AI research agents to perform isolated scientific tasks, automating complex, real-world workflows, such as LLM training, remains a significant challenge. In this paper, we introduce TREX, a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Zerun Ma , Guoqiang Wang , Xinchen Xie , Yicheng Chen , He Du , Bowen Li , Yanan Sun , Wenran Liu , Kai Chen , Yining Li

Lateral Movement (LM) attacks continue to pose a significant threat to enterprise security, enabling adversaries to stealthily compromise critical assets. However, the development and evaluation of LM detection systems are impeded by the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Anas Mabrouk , Mohamed Hatem , Mohammad Mamun , Sherif Saad

Open agentic systems combine LLM-based planning with external capabilities, persistent memory, and privileged execution. They are used in coding assistants, browser copilots, and enterprise automation. OpenClaw is a visible instance of this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Shiping Chen , Qin Wang , Guangsheng Yu , Xu Wang , Liming Zhu

Driven by the rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs), LLM-based agents have been developed to handle various real-world applications, including finance, healthcare, and shopping, etc. It is crucial to ensure the reliability and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Wenkai Yang , Xiaohan Bi , Yankai Lin , Sishuo Chen , Jie Zhou , Xu Sun

Autonomous agents based on Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being utilized in complex software systems. However, reliability remains a significant challenge due to unpredictable failures such as hallucinations, execution…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Cheonsu Jeong , Younggun Shin

Third-party skills are becoming the package ecosystem for LLM agents. They package natural-language instructions, helper scripts, templates, documents, and service configuration into reusable workflows. This makes skills useful, but it also…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Haomin Zhuang , Hanwen Xing , Yujun Zhou , Yuchen Ma , Yue Huang , Yili Shen , Yufei Han , Xiangliang Zhang

Recently, Provenance-based Intrusion Detection Systems (PIDSes) have been widely used for endpoint threat analysis. These studies can be broadly categorized into rule-based detection systems and learning-based detection systems. Among…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Wenrui Cheng , Tiantian Zhu , Shunan Jing , Jian-Ping Mei , Mingjun Ma , Jiaobo Jin , Zhengqiu Weng

The increasing deployment of Large Language Model (LLM) agents for complex software engineering tasks has created a need to understand their problem-solving behaviours beyond simple success metrics. While these agents demonstrate impressive…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Oorja Majgaonkar , Zhiwei Fei , Xiang Li , Federica Sarro , He Ye

Malicious examples are crucial for evaluating the robustness of machine learning algorithms under attack, particularly in Industrial Control Systems (ICS). However, collecting normal and attack data in ICS environments is challenging due to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Chuadhry Mujeeb Ahmed

AI agents are systems capable of perceiving their environment, autonomously planning and executing tasks. Recent advancements in LLM have introduced a transformative paradigm for AI agents, enabling them to interact with external resources…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Kaiwen Ning , Jiachi Chen , Jingwen Zhang , Wei Li , Zexu Wang , Yuming Feng , Weizhe Zhang , Zibin Zheng

Software issue resolution is a critical challenge in software engineering and has garnered increasing attention in recent years. With the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), substantial progress has been made in addressing…

Failure attribution, i.e., identifying the responsible agent and decisive step of a failure, is particularly challenging in LLM-based multi-agent systems (MAS) due to their natural-language reasoning, nondeterministic outputs, and intricate…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Mengzhuo Chen , Junjie Wang , Fangwen Mu , Yawen Wang , Zhe Liu , Huanxiang Feng , Qing Wang