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Related papers: Protein as a Second Language for LLMs

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Learning language of protein sequences, which captures non-local interactions between amino acids close in the spatial structure, is a long-standing bioinformatics challenge, which requires at least context-free grammars. However, complex…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-03-20 Witold Dyrka , François Coste , Juliette Talibart

Considering the significance of proteins, computational protein science has always been a critical scientific field, dedicated to revealing knowledge and developing applications within the protein sequence-structure-function paradigm. In…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Wenqi Fan , Yi Zhou , Shijie Wang , Yuyao Yan , Hui Liu , Qian Zhao , Le Song , Qing Li

Protein language models (PLMs) have revolutionised computational biology through their ability to generate powerful sequence representations for diverse prediction tasks. However, their black-box nature limits biological interpretation and…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-04-11 Jan van Eck , Dea Gogishvili , Wilson Silva , Sanne Abeln

We consider the protein sequence engineering problem, which aims to find protein sequences with high fitness levels, starting from a given wild-type sequence. Directed evolution has been a dominating paradigm in this field which has an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Yinkai Wang , Jiaxing He , Yuanqi Du , Xiaohui Chen , Jianan Canal Li , Li-Ping Liu , Xiaolin Xu , Soha Hassoun

Protein-Text Question Answering (QA) is crucial for interpreting biological sequences through natural language. The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) with Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) that efficiently leverages biological…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Li Ding , Duanyu Feng , Chen Huang , Yangshuai Wang , Yang Li , Wenqiang Lei , See-Kiong Ng

Protein language models (PLMs) have advanced computational protein science through large-scale pretraining and scalable architectures. In parallel, reinforcement learning (RL) has broadened exploration and enabled precise multi-objective…

In contrast to their remarkable performance on general knowledge QA, the true abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in tasks demanding deep, specialized reasoning, such as in protein biology, have yet to be thoroughly investigated.…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-12-30 Dingyi Rong , Zijian Chen , Qi Jia , Kaiwei Zhang , Haotian Lu , Guangtao Zhai , Ning Liu

Less than 1% of protein sequences are structurally and functionally annotated. Natural Language Processing (NLP) community has recently embraced self-supervised learning as a powerful approach to learn representations from unlabeled text,…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2020-12-08 Modestas Filipavicius , Matteo Manica , Joris Cadow , Maria Rodriguez Martinez

Protein language models (pLMs) produce per-residue representations that capture evolutionary and structural information, yet their mean-pooled sequence embeddings are not explicitly trained to reflect functional, evolutionary or structural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Dan Ofer , Oriel Perets , Michal Linial , Nadav Rappoport

We introduce a protein language model for determining the complete sequence of a peptide based on measurement of a limited set of amino acids. To date, protein sequencing relies on mass spectrometry, with some novel edman degregation based…

A plethora of protein language models have been released in recent years. Yet comparatively little work has addressed how to best sample from them to optimize desired biological properties. We fill this gap by proposing a flexible,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Calvin McCarter , Nick Bhattacharya , Sebastian W. Ober , Hunter Elliott

In this study, we tackle the challenging task of predicting secondary structures from protein primary sequences, a pivotal initial stride towards predicting tertiary structures, while yielding crucial insights into protein activity,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Disha Varshney , Samarth Garg , Sarthak Tyagi , Deeksha Varshney , Nayan Deep , Asif Ekbal

Recent developments in Natural Language Processing (NLP) demonstrate that large-scale, self-supervised pre-training can be extremely beneficial for downstream tasks. These ideas have been adapted to other domains, including the analysis of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Matthew B. A. McDermott , Brendan Yap , Harry Hsu , Di Jin , Peter Szolovits

With the development of next generation sequencing techniques, it is fast and cheap to determine protein sequences but relatively slow and expensive to extract useful information from protein sequences because of limitations of traditional…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2017-10-20 Renzhi Cao , Colton Freitas , Leong Chan , Miao Sun , Haiqing Jiang , Zhangxin Chen

Recent advancements in specialized large-scale architectures for training image and language have profoundly impacted the field of computer vision and natural language processing (NLP). Language models, such as the recent ChatGPT and GPT4…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-05-04 Sergio Romero-Romero , Sebastian Lindner , Noelia Ferruz

Protein language models (pLMs) have recently gained significant attention for their ability to uncover relationships between sequence, structure, and function from evolutionary statistics, thereby accelerating therapeutic drug discovery.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Darshan Patil , Pranshu Malviya , Mathieu Reymond , Quentin Fournier , Sarath Chandar

The impact of Transformer-based language models has been unprecedented in Natural Language Processing (NLP). The success of such models has also led to their adoption in other fields including bioinformatics. Taking this into account, this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Nimisha Ghosh , Daniele Santoni , Debaleena Nawn , Eleonora Ottaviani , Giovanni Felici

We introduce a pioneering methodology for boosting large language models in the domain of protein representation learning. Our primary contribution lies in the refinement process for correlating the over-reliance on co-evolution knowledge,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Yaoyao Xu , Xinjian Zhao , Xiaozhuang Song , Benyou Wang , Tianshu Yu

Protein language models have excelled in a variety of tasks, ranging from structure prediction to protein engineering. However, proteins are highly diverse in functions and structures, and current state-of-the-art models including the…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-02-27 Chang Ma , Haiteng Zhao , Lin Zheng , Jiayi Xin , Qintong Li , Lijun Wu , Zhihong Deng , Yang Lu , Qi Liu , Lingpeng Kong

Protein language models (PLMs) face a fundamental divide: masked language models (MLMs) excel at fitness prediction while causal models enable generation, forcing practitioners to maintain separate architectures. We introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Furkan Eris