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The main challenge in domain generalization (DG) is to handle the distribution shift problem that lies between the training and test data. Recent studies suggest that test-time training (TTT), which adapts the learned model with test data,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Liang Chen , Yong Zhang , Yibing Song , Ying Shan , Lingqiao Liu

Encountering shifted data at test time is a ubiquitous challenge when deploying predictive models. Test-time adaptation (TTA) methods address this issue by continuously adapting a deployed model using only unlabeled test data. While TTA can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Mona Schirmer , Metod Jazbec , Christian A. Naesseth , Eric Nalisnick

Test-time Adaptation (TTA) poses a challenge, requiring models to dynamically adapt and perform optimally on shifting target domains. This task is particularly emphasized in real-world driving scenes, where weather domain shifts occur…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Dongjae Jeon , Taeheon Kim , Seongwon Cho , Minhyuk Seo , Jonghyun Choi

Test-time adaptation (TTA) enhances model robustness by enabling adaptation to target distributions that differ from training distributions, improving real-world generalizability. However, most existing TTA approaches focus on adjusting the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Yewon Han , Seoyun Yang , Taesup Kim

Language models often struggle with temporal misalignment, performance degradation caused by shifts in the temporal distribution of data. Continuously updating models to avoid degradation is expensive. Can models be adapted without updating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Changho Shin , Xinya Yan , Suenggwan Jo , Sungjun Cho , Shourjo Aditya Chaudhuri , Frederic Sala

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to improve model generalizability when test data diverges from training distribution, offering the distinct advantage of not requiring access to training data and processes, especially valuable in the context…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Yige Yuan , Bingbing Xu , Liang Hou , Fei Sun , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng

This paper investigates test-time adaptation (TTA) for regression, where a regression model pre-trained in a source domain is adapted to an unknown target distribution with unlabeled target data. Although regression is one of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Kazuki Adachi , Shin'ya Yamaguchi , Atsutoshi Kumagai , Tomoki Hamagami

Test-time adaptation is a promising research direction that allows the source model to adapt itself to changes in data distribution without any supervision. Yet, current methods are usually evaluated on benchmarks that are only a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Damian Sójka , Sebastian Cygert , Bartłomiej Twardowski , Tomasz Trzciński

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) has recently emerged as a promising approach for tackling the robustness challenge under distribution shifts. However, the lack of consistent settings and systematic studies in prior literature hinders thorough…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Hao Zhao , Yuejiang Liu , Alexandre Alahi , Tao Lin

We study the problem of continual test-time adaption where the goal is to adapt a source pre-trained model to a sequence of unlabelled target domains at test time. Existing methods on test-time training suffer from several limitations: (1)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Kien X. Nguyen , Fengchun Qiao , Xi Peng

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt a pretrained model to distribution shifts using only unlabeled test data. While promising, existing methods like Tent suffer from instability and can catastrophically forget the source knowledge,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Harshil Vejendla

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) methods improve the robustness of deep neural networks to domain shift on a variety of tasks such as image classification or segmentation. This work explores adapting segmentation models to a single unlabelled…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Klara Janouskova , Tamir Shor , Chaim Baskin , Jiri Matas

This paper proposes a novel test-time adaptation strategy that adjusts the model pre-trained on the source domain using only unlabeled online data from the target domain to alleviate the performance degradation due to the distribution shift…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Sungha Choi , Seunghan Yang , Seokeon Choi , Sungrack Yun

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt a trained classifier using online unlabeled test data only, without any information related to the training procedure. Most existing TTA methods adapt the trained classifier using the classifier's…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Minguk Jang , Sae-Young Chung , Hye Won Chung

Test-time augmentation -- the aggregation of predictions across transformed examples of test inputs -- is an established technique to improve the performance of image classification models. Importantly, TTA can be used to improve model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Helen Lu , Divya Shanmugam , Harini Suresh , John Guttag

Multivariate time-series anomaly detection (MTSAD) aims to identify deviations from normality in multivariate time-series and is critical in real-world applications. However, in real-world deployments, distribution shifts are ubiquitous and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 HyunGi Kim , Jisoo Mok , Hyungyu Lee , Juhyeon Shin , Sungroh Yoon

Although action recognition systems can achieve top performance when evaluated on in-distribution test points, they are vulnerable to unanticipated distribution shifts in test data. However, test-time adaptation of video action recognition…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Wei Lin , Muhammad Jehanzeb Mirza , Mateusz Kozinski , Horst Possegger , Hilde Kuehne , Horst Bischof

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt a pre-trained model to the target domain in a batch-by-batch manner during inference. While label distributions often exhibit imbalances in real-world scenarios, most previous TTA approaches…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Sunghyun Park , Seunghan Yang , Jaegul Choo , Sungrack Yun

Machine Learning models are prone to fail when test data are different from training data, a situation often encountered in real applications known as distribution shift. While still valid, the training-time knowledge becomes less…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Thomas Cordier , Victor Bouvier , Gilles Hénaff , Céline Hudelot

Multimodal sentiment analysis (MSA) is an emerging research topic that aims to understand and recognize human sentiment or emotions through multiple modalities. However, in real-world dynamic scenarios, the distribution of target data is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Zirun Guo , Tao Jin , Wenlong Xu , Wang Lin , Yangyang Wu