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Watermarking has emerged as a promising technique to track AI-generated content and differentiate it from authentic human creations. While prior work extensively studies watermarking for autoregressive large language models (LLMs) and image…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Avi Bagchi , Akhil Bhimaraju , Moulik Choraria , Daniel Alabi , Lav R. Varshney

The advancement in text-to-image models has led to astonishing artistic performances. However, several studios and websites illegally fine-tune these models using artists' artworks to mimic their styles for profit, which violates the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Ge Luo , Junqiang Huang , Manman Zhang , Zhenxing Qian , Sheng Li , Xinpeng Zhang

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has raised concerns regarding their potential misuse, particularly in generating fake news and misinformation. To address these risks, watermarking techniques for autoregressive language…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Koichi Nagatsuka , Terufumi Morishita , Yasuhiro Sogawa

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate general intelligence across a variety of machine learning tasks, thereby enhancing the commercial value of their intellectual property (IP). To protect this IP, model owners typically allow user…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Kaiyi Pang , Tao Qi , Chuhan Wu , Minhao Bai , Minghu Jiang , Yongfeng Huang

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) raised concerns over potential misuse, such as for spreading misinformation. In response two counter measures emerged: machine learning-based detectors that predict if text is synthetic,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-17 David Khachaturov , Robert Mullins , Ilia Shumailov , Sumanth Dathathri

To mitigate the potential harms of Large Language Models (LLMs)generated text, researchers have proposed watermarking, a process of embedding detectable signals within text. With watermarking, we can always accurately detect LLM-generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 William Guo , Adaku Uchendu , Ana Smith

Natural language processing (NLP) technology has shown great commercial value in applications such as sentiment analysis. But NLP models are vulnerable to the threat of pirated redistribution, damaging the economic interests of model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-21 Long Dai , Jiarong Mao , Xuefeng Fan , Xiaoyi Zhou

The most effective techniques to detect LLM-generated text rely on inserting a detectable signature -- or watermark -- during the model's decoding process. Most existing watermarking methods require access to the underlying LLM's logits,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Yapei Chang , Kalpesh Krishna , Amir Houmansadr , John Wieting , Mohit Iyyer

Latent Diffusion Models (LDMs) enable a wide range of applications but raise ethical concerns regarding illegal utilization. Adding watermarks to generative model outputs is a vital technique employed for copyright tracking and mitigating…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Liangqi Lei , Keke Gai , Jing Yu , Liehuang Zhu

As open-source large language models (LLMs) like Llama3 become more capable, it is crucial to develop watermarking techniques to detect their potential misuse. Existing watermarking methods either add watermarks during LLM inference, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Yijie Xu , Aiwei Liu , Xuming Hu , Lijie Wen , Hui Xiong

The widely adopted and powerful generative large language models (LLMs) have raised concerns about intellectual property rights violations and the spread of machine-generated misinformation. Watermarking serves as a promising approch to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Ruisi Zhang , Farinaz Koushanfar

With the rise of Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) platforms,safeguarding the intellectual property of deep learning models is becoming paramount. Among various protective measures, trigger set watermarking has emerged as a flexible and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Hongyu Zhu , Sichu Liang , Wentao Hu , Fangqi Li , Ju Jia , Shilin Wang

We present REMARK-LLM, a novel efficient, and robust watermarking framework designed for texts generated by large language models (LLMs). Synthesizing human-like content using LLMs necessitates vast computational resources and extensive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Ruisi Zhang , Shehzeen Samarah Hussain , Paarth Neekhara , Farinaz Koushanfar

As large language models (LLMs) grow more powerful, concerns over copyright infringement of LLM-generated texts have intensified. LLM watermarking has been proposed to trace unauthorized redistribution or resale of generated content by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Qihao Lin , Chen Tang , Lan zhang , Junyang zhang , Xiangyang Li

Watermarking for large language models (LLMs) offers a promising approach to identifying AI-generated text. Existing approaches, however, either compromise the distribution of original generated text by LLMs or are limited to embedding…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Ya Jiang , Chuxiong Wu , Massieh Kordi Boroujeny , Brian Mark , Kai Zeng

Detecting whether copyright holders' works were used in LLM pretraining is poised to be an important problem. This work proposes using data watermarks to enable principled detection with only black-box model access, provided that the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Johnny Tian-Zheng Wei , Ryan Yixiang Wang , Robin Jia

Detecting unauthorized knowledge distillation from a deployed LLM API is hard because the defender controls neither the attacker's training pipeline nor the next-token logits. Existing defenses operate on the teacher's output tokens --…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Guang Yang , Amir Ghasemian , Fengchen Liu , Zhong Wang , Ninareh Mehrabi , Homa Hosseinmardi

The development of large language models (LLMs) has raised concerns about potential misuse. One practical solution is to embed a watermark in the text, allowing ownership verification through watermark extraction. Existing methods primarily…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yuhang Cai , Yaofei Wang , Donghui Hu , Chen Gu

Knowledge distillation has become a cornerstone in modern machine learning systems, celebrated for its ability to transfer knowledge from a large, complex teacher model to a more efficient student model. Traditionally, this process is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Chen Wu , Qian Ma , Prasenjit Mitra , Sencun Zhu

Watermarking combines an imperceptible change to an input image that will trigger a detector, to assert provenance and protect intellectual property. The literature has shown great interest in attacks on watermarking schemes: attackers are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Maria Bulychev , Neil G. Marchant , Benjamin I. P. Rubinstein