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This study systematically evaluated the mathematical reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) using the 2026 Korean College Scholastic Ability Test (CSAT) Mathematics section, ensuring a completely contamination-free…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Goun Pyeon , Inbum Heo , Jeesu Jung , Taewook Hwang , Hyuk Namgoong , Hyein Seo , Yerim Han , Eunbin Kim , Hyeonseok Kang , Sangkeun Jung

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become integral to Software Engineering (SE), increasingly used in development workflows. However, their widespread adoption raises concerns about the presence and propagation of toxic language - harmful or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Hao Zhuo , Yicheng Yang , Kewen Peng

E-learning systems should deliver contents that reflect various phenomena of the language as it is used. In addition to formal Korean, e-learning systems that would include real-world Korean expressions such as those in web documents,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Sang-Taek Park , Ae-Lim Ahn , Eric Laporte , Jee-Sun Nam

The field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) has seen significant advancements with the development of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, much of this research remains focused on English, often overlooking low-resource languages like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Anh-Dung Vo , Minseong Jung , Wonbeen Lee , Daewoo Choi

Despite the significant success in the field of text recognition, complex and unsolved problems still exist in this field. In recent years, the recognition accuracy of the English language has greatly increased, while the problem of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-12-04 Sergey A. Ilyuhin , Alexander V. Sheshkus , Vladimir L. Arlazarov

JavaScript's widespread adoption has made it an attractive target for malicious attackers who employ sophisticated obfuscation techniques to conceal harmful code. Current deobfuscation tools suffer from critical limitations that severely…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Dongchao Zhou , Lingyun Ying , Huajun Chai , Dongbin Wang

As large language models become increasingly integrated into daily life, detecting implicit toxicity across diverse contexts is crucial. To this end, we introduce LifeTox, a dataset designed for identifying implicit toxicity within a broad…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Minbeom Kim , Jahyun Koo , Hwanhee Lee , Joonsuk Park , Hwaran Lee , Kyomin Jung

Recent generative large language models (LLMs) show remarkable performance in non-English languages, but when prompted in those languages they tend to express higher harmful social biases and toxicity levels. Prior work has shown that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Vera Neplenbroek , Arianna Bisazza , Raquel Fernández

Biased associations have been a challenge in the development of classifiers for detecting toxic language, hindering both fairness and accuracy. As potential solutions, we investigate recently introduced debiasing methods for text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Xuhui Zhou , Maarten Sap , Swabha Swayamdipta , Noah A. Smith , Yejin Choi

Large language models (LLMs) require robust toxicity evaluation beyond explicit wording. This setting remains underexplored in Chinese, where toxicity may combine semantic indirectness with surface obfuscation. We introduce Chinese Implicit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Jingyi Kang , Junyu Lu , Bo Xu , Hongbo Wang , Linlin zong , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Hongfei Lin

Data obfuscation is a promising technique for mitigating attribute inference attacks by semi-trusted parties with access to time-series data emitted by sensors. Recent advances leverage conditional generative models together with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Xin Yang , Omid Ardakanian

Data contamination in model evaluation has become increasingly prevalent with the growing popularity of large language models. It allows models to "cheat" via memorisation instead of displaying true capabilities. Therefore, contamination…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Yucheng Li , Frank Guerin , Chenghua Lin

We introduce a morpheme-aware subword tokenization method that utilizes sub-character decomposition to address the challenges of applying Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) to Korean, a language characterized by its rich morphology and unique writing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Taehee Jeon , Bongseok Yang , Changhwan Kim , Yoonseob Lim

Toxic content detection in online communication remains a significant challenge, with current solutions often inadvertently blocking valuable information, including medical terms and text related to minority groups. This paper presents a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Melania Berbatova , Tsvetoslav Vasev

Numerous datasets have been proposed to combat the spread of online hate. Despite these efforts, a majority of these resources are English-centric, primarily focusing on overt forms of hate. This research gap calls for developing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Chaewon Park , Soohwan Kim , Kyubyong Park , Kunwoo Park

Unstructured text from legal, medical, and administrative sources offers a rich but underutilized resource for research in public health and the social sciences. However, large-scale analysis is hampered by two key challenges: the presence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Anders Ledberg , Anna Thalén

We introduce HyperCLOVA X, a family of large language models (LLMs) tailored to the Korean language and culture, along with competitive capabilities in English, math, and coding. HyperCLOVA X was trained on a balanced mix of Korean,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Kang Min Yoo , Jaegeun Han , Sookyo In , Heewon Jeon , Jisu Jeong , Jaewook Kang , Hyunwook Kim , Kyung-Min Kim , Munhyong Kim , Sungju Kim , Donghyun Kwak , Hanock Kwak , Se Jung Kwon , Bado Lee , Dongsoo Lee , Gichang Lee , Jooho Lee , Baeseong Park , Seongjin Shin , Joonsang Yu , Seolki Baek , Sumin Byeon , Eungsup Cho , Dooseok Choe , Jeesung Han , Youngkyun Jin , Hyein Jun , Jaeseung Jung , Chanwoong Kim , Jinhong Kim , Jinuk Kim , Dokyeong Lee , Dongwook Park , Jeong Min Sohn , Sujung Han , Jiae Heo , Sungju Hong , Mina Jeon , Hyunhoon Jung , Jungeun Jung , Wangkyo Jung , Chungjoon Kim , Hyeri Kim , Jonghyun Kim , Min Young Kim , Soeun Lee , Joonhee Park , Jieun Shin , Sojin Yang , Jungsoon Yoon , Hwaran Lee , Sanghwan Bae , Jeehwan Cha , Karl Gylleus , Donghoon Ham , Mihak Hong , Youngki Hong , Yunki Hong , Dahyun Jang , Hyojun Jeon , Yujin Jeon , Yeji Jeong , Myunggeun Ji , Yeguk Jin , Chansong Jo , Shinyoung Joo , Seunghwan Jung , Adrian Jungmyung Kim , Byoung Hoon Kim , Hyomin Kim , Jungwhan Kim , Minkyoung Kim , Minseung Kim , Sungdong Kim , Yonghee Kim , Youngjun Kim , Youngkwan Kim , Donghyeon Ko , Dughyun Lee , Ha Young Lee , Jaehong Lee , Jieun Lee , Jonghyun Lee , Jongjin Lee , Min Young Lee , Yehbin Lee , Taehong Min , Yuri Min , Kiyoon Moon , Hyangnam Oh , Jaesun Park , Kyuyon Park , Younghun Park , Hanbae Seo , Seunghyun Seo , Mihyun Sim , Gyubin Son , Matt Yeo , Kyung Hoon Yeom , Wonjoon Yoo , Myungin You , Doheon Ahn , Homin Ahn , Joohee Ahn , Seongmin Ahn , Chanwoo An , Hyeryun An , Junho An , Sang-Min An , Boram Byun , Eunbin Byun , Jongho Cha , Minji Chang , Seunggyu Chang , Haesong Cho , Youngdo Cho , Dalnim Choi , Daseul Choi , Hyoseok Choi , Minseong Choi , Sangho Choi , Seongjae Choi , Wooyong Choi , Sewhan Chun , Dong Young Go , Chiheon Ham , Danbi Han , Jaemin Han , Moonyoung Hong , Sung Bum Hong , Dong-Hyun Hwang , Seongchan Hwang , Jinbae Im , Hyuk Jin Jang , Jaehyung Jang , Jaeni Jang , Sihyeon Jang , Sungwon Jang , Joonha Jeon , Daun Jeong , Joonhyun Jeong , Kyeongseok Jeong , Mini Jeong , Sol Jin , Hanbyeol Jo , Hanju Jo , Minjung Jo , Chaeyoon Jung , Hyungsik Jung , Jaeuk Jung , Ju Hwan Jung , Kwangsun Jung , Seungjae Jung , Soonwon Ka , Donghan Kang , Soyoung Kang , Taeho Kil , Areum Kim , Beomyoung Kim , Byeongwook Kim , Daehee Kim , Dong-Gyun Kim , Donggook Kim , Donghyun Kim , Euna Kim , Eunchul Kim , Geewook Kim , Gyu Ri Kim , Hanbyul Kim , Heesu Kim , Isaac Kim , Jeonghoon Kim , Jihye Kim , Joonghoon Kim , Minjae Kim , Minsub Kim , Pil Hwan Kim , Sammy Kim , Seokhun Kim , Seonghyeon Kim , Soojin Kim , Soong Kim , Soyoon Kim , Sunyoung Kim , Taeho Kim , Wonho Kim , Yoonsik Kim , You Jin Kim , Yuri Kim , Beomseok Kwon , Ohsung Kwon , Yoo-Hwan Kwon , Anna Lee , Byungwook Lee , Changho Lee , Daun Lee , Dongjae Lee , Ha-Ram Lee , Hodong Lee , Hwiyeong Lee , Hyunmi Lee , Injae Lee , Jaeung Lee , Jeongsang Lee , Jisoo Lee , Jongsoo Lee , Joongjae Lee , Juhan Lee , Jung Hyun Lee , Junghoon Lee , Junwoo Lee , Se Yun Lee , Sujin Lee , Sungjae Lee , Sungwoo Lee , Wonjae Lee , Zoo Hyun Lee , Jong Kun Lim , Kun Lim , Taemin Lim , Nuri Na , Jeongyeon Nam , Kyeong-Min Nam , Yeonseog Noh , Biro Oh , Jung-Sik Oh , Solgil Oh , Yeontaek Oh , Boyoun Park , Cheonbok Park , Dongju Park , Hyeonjin Park , Hyun Tae Park , Hyunjung Park , Jihye Park , Jooseok Park , Junghwan Park , Jungsoo Park , Miru Park , Sang Hee Park , Seunghyun Park , Soyoung Park , Taerim Park , Wonkyeong Park , Hyunjoon Ryu , Jeonghun Ryu , Nahyeon Ryu , Soonshin Seo , Suk Min Seo , Yoonjeong Shim , Kyuyong Shin , Wonkwang Shin , Hyun Sim , Woongseob Sim , Hyejin Soh , Bokyong Son , Hyunjun Son , Seulah Son , Chi-Yun Song , Chiyoung Song , Ka Yeon Song , Minchul Song , Seungmin Song , Jisung Wang , Yonggoo Yeo , Myeong Yeon Yi , Moon Bin Yim , Taehwan Yoo , Youngjoon Yoo , Sungmin Yoon , Young Jin Yoon , Hangyeol Yu , Ui Seon Yu , Xingdong Zuo , Jeongin Bae , Joungeun Bae , Hyunsoo Cho , Seonghyun Cho , Yongjin Cho , Taekyoon Choi , Yera Choi , Jiwan Chung , Zhenghui Han , Byeongho Heo , Euisuk Hong , Taebaek Hwang , Seonyeol Im , Sumin Jegal , Sumin Jeon , Yelim Jeong , Yonghyun Jeong , Can Jiang , Juyong Jiang , Jiho Jin , Ara Jo , Younghyun Jo , Hoyoun Jung , Juyoung Jung , Seunghyeong Kang , Dae Hee Kim , Ginam Kim , Hangyeol Kim , Heeseung Kim , Hyojin Kim , Hyojun Kim , Hyun-Ah Kim , Jeehye Kim , Jin-Hwa Kim , Jiseon Kim , Jonghak Kim , Jung Yoon Kim , Rak Yeong Kim , Seongjin Kim , Seoyoon Kim , Sewon Kim , Sooyoung Kim , Sukyoung Kim , Taeyong Kim , Naeun Ko , Bonseung Koo , Heeyoung Kwak , Haena Kwon , Youngjin Kwon , Boram Lee , Bruce W. Lee , Dagyeong Lee , Erin Lee , Euijin Lee , Ha Gyeong Lee , Hyojin Lee , Hyunjeong Lee , Jeeyoon Lee , Jeonghyun Lee , Jongheok Lee , Joonhyung Lee , Junhyuk Lee , Mingu Lee , Nayeon Lee , Sangkyu Lee , Se Young Lee , Seulgi Lee , Seung Jin Lee , Suhyeon Lee , Yeonjae Lee , Yesol Lee , Youngbeom Lee , Yujin Lee , Shaodong Li , Tianyu Liu , Seong-Eun Moon , Taehong Moon , Max-Lasse Nihlenramstroem , Wonseok Oh , Yuri Oh , Hongbeen Park , Hyekyung Park , Jaeho Park , Nohil Park , Sangjin Park , Jiwon Ryu , Miru Ryu , Simo Ryu , Ahreum Seo , Hee Seo , Kangdeok Seo , Jamin Shin , Seungyoun Shin , Heetae Sin , Jiangping Wang , Lei Wang , Ning Xiang , Longxiang Xiao , Jing Xu , Seonyeong Yi , Haanju Yoo , Haneul Yoo , Hwanhee Yoo , Liang Yu , Youngjae Yu , Weijie Yuan , Bo Zeng , Qian Zhou , Kyunghyun Cho , Jung-Woo Ha , Joonsuk Park , Jihyun Hwang , Hyoung Jo Kwon , Soonyong Kwon , Jungyeon Lee , Seungho Lee , Seonghyeon Lim , Hyunkyung Noh , Seungho Choi , Sang-Woo Lee , Jung Hwa Lim , Nako Sung

Understanding toxicity in user conversations is undoubtedly an important problem. Addressing "covert" or implicit cases of toxicity is particularly hard and requires context. Very few previous studies have analysed the influence of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Atijit Anuchitanukul , Julia Ive , Lucia Specia

This paper introduces Thunder-Tok, a new Korean tokenizer designed to reduce token fertility without compromising model performance. Our approach uses a rule-based pre-tokenization method that aligns with the linguistic structure of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Gyeongje Cho , Yeonkyoun So , Chanwoo Park , Sangmin Lee , Sungmok Jung , Jaejin Lee

Automatically extracting effective queries is challenging in information retrieval, especially in toxic content exploration, as such content is likely to be disguised. With the recent achievements in generative Large Language Model (LLM),…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Shaola Ren , Li Ke , Longtao Huang , Dehong Gao , Hui Xue