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Neural network policies trained using Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) are well-known to be susceptible to adversarial attacks. In this paper, we consider attacks manifesting as perturbations in the observation space managed by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Zikang Xiong , Joe Eappen , He Zhu , Suresh Jagannathan

Safe reinforcement learning (Safe RL) aims to ensure policy performance while satisfying safety constraints. However, most existing Safe RL methods assume benign environments, making them vulnerable to adversarial perturbations commonly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Jialiang Fan , Shixiong Jiang , Mengyu Liu , Fanxin Kong

Reinforcement Learning (RL) enables an intelligent agent to optimise its performance in a task by continuously taking action from an observed state and receiving a feedback from the environment in form of rewards. RL typically uses tables…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Alberto Castagna

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) policies have been shown to be deceived by perturbations (e.g., random noise or intensional adversarial attacks) on state observations that appear at test time but are unknown during training. To increase…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-25 Xinghua Qu , Yew-Soon Ong , Abhishek Gupta , Zhu Sun

The rapid increase in the number of cyber-attacks in recent years raises the need for principled methods for defending networks against malicious actors. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has emerged as a promising approach for mitigating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Gregory Palmer , Chris Parry , Daniel J. B. Harrold , Chris Willis

In multi-agent informative path planning (MAIPP), agents must collectively construct a global belief map of an underlying distribution of interest (e.g., gas concentration, light intensity, or pollution levels) over a given domain, based on…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Tianze Yang , Yuhong Cao , Guillaume Sartoretti

We present an adversarial active exploration for inverse dynamics model learning, a simple yet effective learning scheme that incentivizes exploration in an environment without any human intervention. Our framework consists of a deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-18 Zhang-Wei Hong , Tsu-Jui Fu , Tzu-Yun Shann , Yi-Hsiang Chang , Chun-Yi Lee

Various methods for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) have been developed with the assumption that agents' policies are based on accurate state information. However, policies learned through Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Songyang Han , Sanbao Su , Sihong He , Shuo Han , Haizhao Yang , Shaofeng Zou , Fei Miao

Adversarial attacks and robustness in Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) have been widely studied in various threat models; however, few consider environmental state perturbations, which are natural in embodied scenarios. To improve the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Chenxu Wang , Huaping Liu

Adoption of machine learning (ML)-enabled cyber-physical systems (CPS) are becoming prevalent in various sectors of modern society such as transportation, industrial, and power grids. Recent studies in deep reinforcement learning (DRL) have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-15 Kai Liang Tan , Yasaman Esfandiari , Xian Yeow Lee , Aakanksha , Soumik Sarkar

Deep reinforcement learning has shown promising results in learning control policies for complex sequential decision-making tasks. However, these neural network-based policies are known to be vulnerable to adversarial examples. This…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-10-04 Yen-Chen Lin , Ming-Yu Liu , Min Sun , Jia-Bin Huang

Recent studies have shown that deep reinforcement learning agents are vulnerable to small adversarial perturbations on the agent's inputs, which raises concerns about deploying such agents in the real world. To address this issue, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-12 Tuomas Oikarinen , Wang Zhang , Alexandre Megretski , Luca Daniel , Tsui-Wei Weng

Adversarial examples are firstly investigated in the area of computer vision: by adding some carefully designed ''noise'' to the original input image, the perturbed image that cannot be distinguished from the original one by human, can fool…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-02 Pengyue Wang , Yan Li , Shashi Shekhar , William F. Northrop

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has numerous applications in the real world thanks to its outstanding ability in quickly adapting to the surrounding environments. Despite its great advantages, DRL is susceptible to adversarial attacks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-09 Inaam Ilahi , Muhammad Usama , Junaid Qadir , Muhammad Umar Janjua , Ala Al-Fuqaha , Dinh Thai Hoang , Dusit Niyato

Safe and efficient autonomous driving maneuvers in an interactive and complex environment can be considerably challenging due to the unpredictable actions of other surrounding agents that may be cooperative or adversarial in their…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-01-28 Pin Wang , Ching-Yao Chan , Hanhan Li

Autonomous cars are well known for being vulnerable to adversarial attacks that can compromise the safety of the car and pose danger to other road users. To effectively defend against adversaries, it is required to not only test autonomous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Aizaz Sharif , Dusica Marijan

The safety of decentralized reinforcement learning (RL) is a challenging problem since malicious agents can share their poisoned policies with benign agents. The paper investigates a cooperative backdoor attack in a decentralized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Mengtong Gao , Yifei Zou , Zuyuan Zhang , Xiuzhen Cheng , Dongxiao Yu

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) and Deep Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) have achieved significant successes across a wide range of domains, including game AI, autonomous vehicles, robotics, and so on. However, DRL and deep MARL…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-03 Jianye Hao , Tianpei Yang , Hongyao Tang , Chenjia Bai , Jinyi Liu , Zhaopeng Meng , Peng Liu , Zhen Wang

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has demonstrated remarkable success in developing autonomous driving policies. However, its vulnerability to adversarial attacks remains a critical barrier to real-world deployment. Although existing robust…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Junchao Fan , Qi Wei , Ruichen Zhang , Dusit Niyato , Yang Lu , Jianhua Wang , Xiaolin Chang , Bo Ai

Deep neural networks have demonstrated their capability to learn control policies for a variety of tasks. However, these neural network-based policies have been shown to be susceptible to exploitation by adversarial agents. Therefore, there…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-12 Sampo Kuutti , Saber Fallah , Richard Bowden