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Quantum error correction and fault-tolerance make it possible to perform quantum computations in the presence of imprecision and imperfections of realistic devices. An important question is to find the noise rate at which errors can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-06-30 Christopher Chamberland , Tomas Jochym-O'Connor , Raymond Laflamme

Achieving a practical advantage with near-term quantum computers hinges on having effective methods to suppress errors. Recent breakthroughs have introduced methods capable of exponentially suppressing errors by preparing multiple noisy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-26 Piotr Czarnik , Andrew Arrasmith , Lukasz Cincio , Patrick J. Coles

Preparation of high-fidelity logical magic states has remained as a necessary but daunting step towards building a large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computer. One approach is to fault-tolerantly prepare a magic state in one code and then…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-16 Lucas Daguerre , Robin Blume-Kohout , Natalie C. Brown , David Hayes , Isaac H. Kim

Virtual distillation is an error-mitigation technique that reduces quantum-computation errors without assuming the noise type. In scenarios where the user of a quantum circuit is required to additionally employ peripherals, such as delay…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-04 Yong Siah Teo , Seongwook Shin , Hyukgun Kwon , Seok-Hyung Lee , Hyunseok Jeong

Fault-tolerant protocols enable large and precise quantum algorithms. Many such protocols rely on a feed-forward processing of data, enabled by a hybrid of quantum and classical logic. Representing the control structure of such programs can…

We investigate how non-stabilizer resources enable the emergence of quantum state designs within the projected ensemble. Starting from initial states with finite magic and applying resource-free Clifford circuits to scramble them, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Hugo Lóio , Guglielmo Lami , Lorenzo Leone , Max McGinley , Xhek Turkeshi , Jacopo De Nardis

We propose a protocol to prepare a high-fidelity magic state on a two-dimensional (2D) color code using a three-dimensional (3D) color code. Our method modifies the known code switching protocol with (i) a recently discovered transversal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-25 Lucas Daguerre , Isaac H. Kim

Fourier states are multi-qubit registers that facilitate phase rotations in fault-tolerant quantum computing. We propose distillation protocols for constructing the fundamental, $n$-qubit Fourier state with error $O(2^{-n})$ at a cost of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-03-14 Cody Jones

Quantum distillation is the task of concentrating quantum correlations present in 'N' imperfect copies using free operations by involving all 'P' parties sharing the quantum correlations. We present a threshold quantum distillation task…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-16 Shashank Gupta , William John Munro , Carlos Cid

Distillation, or purification, is central to the practical use of quantum resources in noisy settings often encountered in quantum communication and computation. Conventionally, distillation requires using some restricted 'free' operations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-29 Xiao Yuan , Bartosz Regula , Ryuji Takagi , Mile Gu

We construct quantum codes that support transversal $CCZ$ gates over qudits of arbitrary prime power dimension $q$ (including $q=2$) such that the code dimension and distance grow linearly in the block length. The only previously known…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-20 Louis Golowich , Venkatesan Guruswami

We reduce the extra qubits needed for two fault-tolerant quantum computing protocols: error correction, specifically syndrome bit measurement, and cat state preparation. For distance-three fault-tolerant syndrome extraction, we show an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-25 Prithviraj Prabhu , Ben W. Reichardt

Standard LLM distillation treats all training problems equally -- wasting compute on problems the student has already mastered or cannot yet solve. We empirically show that this inefficiency has a precise gradient-level signature: the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Yuanda Xu , Hejian Sang , Zhengze Zhou , Ran He , Zhipeng Wang

We give a new algorithm for computing the robustness of magic - a measure of the utility of quantum states as a computational resource. Our work is motivated by the magic state model of fault-tolerant quantum computation. In this model, all…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-09 Markus Heinrich , David Gross

Magic is a property of quantum states that enables universal fault-tolerant quantum computing using simple sets of gate operations. Understanding the mechanisms by which magic is created or destroyed is, therefore, a crucial step towards…

The $[[7,1,3]]$ Steane code and $[[23,1,7]]$ quantum Golay code have been identified as good candidates for fault-tolerant quantum computing via code concatenation. These two codes have transversal implementations of all Clifford gates, but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-22 Matthew Sullivan

For universal quantum computation, a major challenge to overcome for practical implementation is the large amount of resources required for fault-tolerant quantum information processing. An important aspect is implementing arbitrary unitary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-17 Gary J. Mooney , Charles D. Hill , Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg

Verification of quantum computations is crucial as experiments advance toward fault-tolerant quantum computing. Yet, no efficient protocol exists for certifying states generated in the Magic-State Injection model -- the foundation of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-11 Sami Abdul Sater , Maxime Garnier , Thierry Martinez , Harold Ollivier , Ulysse Chabaud

Quantum magic, quantified by nonstabilizerness, measures departures from stabilizer structure and underlies potential quantum speedups. We introduce an efficient classical framework for computing stabilizer R\'enyi entropies and stabilizer…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-21 Zhenyu Xiao , Shinsei Ryu

In many architectures for fault tolerant quantum computing universality is achieved by a combination of Clifford group unitary operators and preparation of suitable nonstabilizer states, the so-called magic states. Universality is possible…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-06-28 Earl T. Campbell