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There is a rapidly growing need for multimodal content moderation (CM) as more and more content on social media is multimodal in nature. Existing unimodal CM systems may fail to catch harmful content that crosses modalities (e.g., memes or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Jialin Yuan , Ye Yu , Gaurav Mittal , Matthew Hall , Sandra Sajeev , Mei Chen

Toxicity and abuse are common in online peer-production communities. The social structure of peer-production communities that aim to produce accurate and trustworthy information require some conflict and gate-keeping to spur content…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Chris Blakely , Andrew Vargo

In recent years, Blockchain-based Online Social Media (BOSM) platforms have evolved fast due to the advancement of blockchain technology. BOSM can effectively overcome the problems of traditional social media platforms, such as a single…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Rui Sun , Chao Li , Jingyu Liu , Xingchen Sun

The Ethereum platform supports the decentralized execution of smart contracts, i.e. computer programs that transfer digital assets between users. The most common language used to develop these contracts is Solidity, a Javascript-like…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-08-08 Massimo Bartoletti , Letterio Galletta , Maurizio Murgia

Controversial contents largely inundate the Internet, infringing various cultural norms and child protection standards. Traditional Image Content Moderation (ICM) models fall short in producing precise moderation decisions for diverse…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Mengyang Wu , Yuzhi Zhao , Jialun Cao , Mingjie Xu , Zhongming Jiang , Xuehui Wang , Qinbin Li , Guangneng Hu , Shengchao Qin , Chi-Wing Fu

Content moderation is the process of flagging content based on pre-defined platform rules. There has been a growing need for AI moderators to safeguard users as well as protect the mental health of human moderators from traumatic content.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Meng Ye , Karan Sikka , Katherine Atwell , Sabit Hassan , Ajay Divakaran , Malihe Alikhani

The widespread lack of broad source code verification on blockchain explorers such as Etherscan, where despite 78,047,845 smart contracts deployed on Ethereum (as of May 26, 2025), a mere 767,520 (< 1%) are open source, presents a severe…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Isaac David , Liyi Zhou , Dawn Song , Arthur Gervais , Kaihua Qin

Although there have been automated approaches and tools supporting toxicity censorship for social posts, most of them focus on detection. Toxicity censorship is a complex process, wherein detection is just an initial task and a user can…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Yaqiong Li , Peng Zhang , Hansu Gu , Tun Lu , Siyuan Qiao , Yubo Shu , Yiyang Shao , Ning Gu

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being used for emotional support. They are also being developed for formal therapy purposes. However, LLMs like ChaptGPT or Llama are often developed with content moderation guardrails that…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jiwon Kim , Claire Wang , Taeung Yoon , Sabelle Huang , Koustuv Saha

The proliferation of social media platforms and online communities has inadvertently catalyzed the spread of cyberbullying, hate speech, and other forms of online toxicity, making the effective governance of such harm a critical societal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yiting Huang , Wenting Zhu , Zekun Wang , Qingpo Yang , Yakai Chen , Zihui Xu , Yueyue Zhang , Sanchuan Guo , Xi Zhang

The volume of machine-generated content online has grown dramatically due to the widespread use of Large Language Models (LLMs), leading to new challenges for content moderation systems. Conventional content moderation classifiers, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Shaz Furniturewala , Arkaitz Zubiaga

The exponential growth of social media platforms, such as Facebook and TikTok, has revolutionized communication and content publication in human society. Users on these platforms can publish multimedia content that delivers information via…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Wenxuan Wang , Jingyuan Huang , Chang Chen , Jiazhen Gu , Jianping Zhang , Weibin Wu , Pinjia He , Michael Lyu

To meet the demands of content moderation, online platforms have resorted to automated systems. Newer forms of real-time engagement($\textit{e.g.}$, users commenting on live streams) on platforms like Twitch exert additional pressures on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Prarabdh Shukla , Wei Yin Chong , Yash Patel , Brennan Schaffner , Danish Pruthi , Arjun Bhagoji

Efficiency is a fundamental property of any type of program, but it is even more so in the context of the programs executing on the blockchain (known as smart contracts). This is because optimizing smart contracts has direct consequences on…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Elvira Albert , Jesús Correas , Pablo Gordillo , Guillermo Román-Díez , Albert Rubio

The rapid growth of audio-centric platforms and applications such as WhatsApp and Twitter has transformed the way people communicate and share audio content in modern society. However, these platforms are increasingly misused to disseminate…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Wenxuan Wang , Yongjiang Wu , Junyuan Zhang , Shuqing Li , Yun Peng , Wenting Chen , Shuai Wang , Michael R. Lyu

The widespread dissemination of toxic content on social media poses a serious threat to both online environments and public discourse, highlighting the urgent need for detoxification methods that effectively remove toxicity while preserving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Jing Yu , Yibo Zhao , Jiapeng Zhu , Wenming Shao , Bo Pang , Zhao Zhang , Xiang Li

In proof-of-work based blockchains such as Ethereum, verification of blocks is an integral part of establishing consensus across nodes. However, in Ethereum, miners do not receive a reward for verifying. This implies that miners face the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Maher Alharby , Roben Castagna Lunardi , Amjad Aldweesh , Aad van Moorsel

Blockchain offers a decentralized, immutable, transparent system of records. It offers a peer-to-peer network of nodes with no centralised governing entity making it unhackable and therefore, more secure than the traditional paper-based or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Harsh Jot Singh , Abdelhakim Senhaji Hafid

Internet censorship has been implemented in several countries to prevent citizens from accessing information and to suppress discussion of specific topics. This paper presents Infnote, a platform that helps eliminate the problem of sharing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-02-12 Haoqian Zhang , Yancheng Zhao , Abhishek Paryani , Ke Yi

Large language models can produce toxic or inappropriate text even for benign inputs, creating risks when deployed at scale. Detoxification is therefore important for safety and user trust, particularly when we want to reduce harmful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Baturay Saglam , Dionysis Kalogerias