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In autonomous driving systems, motion planning is commonly implemented as a two-stage process: first, a trajectory proposer generates multiple candidate trajectories, then a scoring mechanism selects the most suitable trajectory for…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Zikang Xiong , Joe Kurian Eappen , Suresh Jagannathan

Practical autonomous driving requires models that generalize by reasoning through spatial-temporal possibilities to exclude unsafe outcomes. While state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods use parallel planning architectures, they fail to explicitly…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yanhao Wu , Haoyang Zhang , Fei He , Rui Wu , Yanhu Shan , Congpei Qiu , Liang Gao , Wei Ke , Tong Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) have demonstrated immense potential in autonomous driving (AD) by offering human-like reasoning and open-world generalization. However, the excessive computational overhead and high…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Ruoyu Yao , Ruiguo Zhong , Pei Liu , Mingxing Peng , Rui Yang , Jun Ma

Recent advances in autonomous driving research towards motion planners that are robust, safe, and adaptive. However, existing rule-based and data-driven planners lack adaptability to long-tail scenarios, while knowledge-driven methods offer…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Huaiyuan Yao , Pengfei Li , Bu Jin , Yupeng Zheng , An Liu , Lisen Mu , Qing Su , Qian Zhang , Yilun Chen , Peng Li

The integration of large language models (LLMs) into intelligent tutoring systems offers transformative potential for personalized learning in higher education. However, most existing learning path planning approaches lack transparency,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Haoxin Xu , Changyong Qi , Tong Liu , Bohao Zhang , Anna He , Bingqian Jiang , Longwei Zheng , Xiaoqing Gu

We present a simple yet effective approach that can transform the OpenAI GPT-3.5 model into a reliable motion planner for autonomous vehicles. Motion planning is a core challenge in autonomous driving, aiming to plan a driving trajectory…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Jiageng Mao , Yuxi Qian , Junjie Ye , Hang Zhao , Yue Wang

A principal barrier to large-scale deployment of urban autonomous driving systems lies in the prevalence of complex scenarios and edge cases. Existing systems fail to effectively interpret semantic information within traffic contexts and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Yuhang Zhang , Jiaqi Liu , Chengkai Xu , Peng Hang , Jian Sun

Motion planning is crucial for safe navigation in complex urban environments. Historically, motion planners (MPs) have been evaluated with procedurally-generated simulators like CARLA. However, such synthetic benchmarks do not capture…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Arun Balajee Vasudevan , Neehar Peri , Jeff Schneider , Deva Ramanan

To facilitate the wider adoption of robotics, accessible programming tools are required for non-experts. Observational learning enables intuitive human skills transfer through hands-on demonstrations, but relying solely on visual input can…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Elena Merlo , Marta Lagomarsino , Arash Ajoudani

The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into robotics has unlocked unprecedented capabilities in high-level task planning. However, most current systems operate in an open-loop fashion, where LLMs act as one-shot planners, rendering…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Anjali R. Menon , Rohit K. Sharma , Priya Singh , Chengyu Wang , Aurora M. Ferreira , Mateja Novak

Instruction tuning is a pivotal technique for aligning large language models (LLMs) with human intentions, safety constraints, and domain-specific requirements. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the full pipeline,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Xudong Han , Junjie Yang , Tianyang Wang , Ziqian Bi , Xinyuan Song , Junfeng Hao , Junhao Song

Achieving full automation in self-driving vehicles remains a challenge, especially in dynamic urban environments where navigation requires real-time adaptability. Existing systems struggle to handle navigation plans when faced with…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Augusto Luis Ballardini , Miguel Ángel Sotelo

Enabling humanoid robots to perform autonomously loco-manipulation in unstructured environments is crucial and highly challenging for achieving embodied intelligence. This involves robots being able to plan their actions and behaviors in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Jin Wang , Arturo Laurenzi , Nikos Tsagarakis

Integrating large language models (LLMs) into autonomous driving motion planning has recently emerged as a promising direction, offering enhanced interpretability, better controllability, and improved generalization in rare and long-tail…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Zhipeng Tang , Sha Zhang , Jiajun Deng , Chenjie Wang , Guoliang You , Yuting Huang , Xinrui Lin , Yanyong Zhang

Foundation models have made significant strides in various applications, including text-to-image generation, panoptic segmentation, and natural language processing. This paper presents Instruct2Act, a framework that utilizes Large Language…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Siyuan Huang , Zhengkai Jiang , Hao Dong , Yu Qiao , Peng Gao , Hongsheng Li

In this paper, we explore the potential of using a large language model (LLM) to understand the driving environment in a human-like manner and analyze its ability to reason, interpret, and memorize when facing complex scenarios. We argue…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-07-17 Daocheng Fu , Xin Li , Licheng Wen , Min Dou , Pinlong Cai , Botian Shi , Yu Qiao

Trajectory planning is a fundamental yet challenging component of autonomous driving. End-to-end planners frequently falter under adverse weather, unpredictable human behavior, or complex road layouts, primarily because they lack strong…

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit advanced reasoning skills, enabling robots to comprehend natural language instructions and strategically plan high-level actions through proper grounding. However, LLM hallucination may result in robots…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Kaiqu Liang , Zixu Zhang , Jaime Fernández Fisac

Decision-making and motion planning constitute critical components for ensuring the safety and efficiency of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Existing methodologies typically adopt two paradigms: decision then planning or generation then scoring.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Ruoyu Yao , Yubin Wang , Haichao Liu , Rui Yang , Zengqi Peng , Lei Zhu , Jun Ma

Instruction-tuning is a widely adopted finetuning method that enables large language models (LLMs) to generate output that more closely resembles human responses. However, no studies have shown that instruction-tuning actually teaches LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Khai Loong Aw , Syrielle Montariol , Badr AlKhamissi , Martin Schrimpf , Antoine Bosselut