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In this paper, we consider a novel framework of positive-unlabeled data in which as positive data survival times are observed for subjects who have events during the observation time as positive data and as unlabeled data censoring times…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-11-30 Tomoki Toyabe , Yasuhiro Hasegawa , Takahiro Hoshino

Alternating recurrent events, where subjects experience two potentially correlated event types over time, are common in healthcare, social, and behavioral studies. Often there is a primary event of interest that, when triggered, initiates a…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-29 Abigail Loe , Susan Murray , Zhenke Wu

Single-index models or time-to-event models are frequently applied in empirical research. These models are non-identifiable in presence of unknown (dependent) censoring or competing risks and do not give informative results in empirical…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-25 Jia-Han Shih , Simon M. S. Lo , Ralf A. Wilke

Marginal structural models are a popular method for estimating causal effects in the presence of time-varying exposures. In spite of their popularity, no scalable non-parametric estimator exist for marginal structural models with…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-30 Axel Martin , Michele Santacatterina , Iván Díaz

Progressive multi-state survival outcomes are common in trials with recurrent or sequential events and require treatment effect estimands that remain interpretable without proportional intensity or Markov assumptions. The restricted mean…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-22 Xi Fang , Bingkai Wang , Guangyu Tong , Liangyuan Hu , Shuangge Ma , Fan Li

Feature screening is an important tool in analyzing ultrahigh-dimensional data, particularly in the field of Omics and oncology studies. However, most attention has been focused on identifying features that have a linear or monotonic impact…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-05-10 Yaxian Chen , KF Lam , Zhonghua Liu

Causal effect moderation investigates how the effect of interventions (or treatments) on outcome variables changes based on observed characteristics of individuals, known as potential effect moderators. With advances in data collection,…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-26 Soham Bakshi , Walter Dempsey , Snigdha Panigrahi

Estimating prognosis conditional on surviving an initial high-risk period is crucial in clinical research. Yet, standard metrics such as hazard ratios are often difficult to interpret, while mean-based summaries are sensitive to outliers…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-16 Taekwon Hong , Woojung Bae , Sang Kyu Lee , Dongrak Choi , Jong-Hyeon Jeong

Covariate adjustment is desired by both practitioners and regulators of randomized clinical trials because it improves precision for estimating treatment effects. However, covariate adjustment presents a particular challenge in…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-07-20 Yunfan Li , Jessica L. Ross , Aaron M. Smith , David P. Miller

In survival contexts, substantial literature exists on estimating optimal treatment regimes, where treatments are assigned based on personal characteristics to maximize the survival probability. These methods assume that a set of covariates…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-24 Junwen Xia , Zishu Zhan , Jingxiao Zhang

We consider the conditional treatment effect for competing risks data in observational studies. While it is described as a constant difference between the hazard functions given the covariates, we do not assume specific functional forms for…

Applications · Statistics 2021-12-28 Denise Rava , Ronghui Xu

Survival prediction often involves estimating the time-to-event distribution from censored datasets. Previous approaches have focused on enhancing discrimination and marginal calibration. In this paper, we highlight the significance of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Shi-ang Qi , Yakun Yu , Russell Greiner

In conventional randomized controlled trials, adjustment for baseline values of covariates known to be at least moderately associated with the outcome increases the power of the trial. Recent work has shown particular benefit for more…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-27 James Willard , Shirin Golchi , Erica EM Moodie

We often seek to estimate the causal effect of an exposure on a particular outcome in both randomized and observational settings. One such estimation method is the covariate-adjusted residuals estimator, which was designed for individually…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-10-28 Stephen A. Lauer , Nicholas G. Reich , Laura B. Balzer

Contrasting marginal counterfactual survival curves across treatment arms is an effective and popular approach for inferring the causal effect of an intervention on a right-censored time-to-event outcome. A key challenge to drawing such…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-04-29 Andrew Ying , Yifan Cui , Eric J. Tchetgen Tchetgen

In this paper, we introduce a doubly doubly robust estimator for the average and heterogeneous treatment effect for left-truncated-right-censored (LTRC) survival data. In causal inference for survival functions in LTRC survival data, two…

General Economics · Economics 2024-09-04 Guanghui Pan

Epidemiologic studies often evaluate the association between an exposure and an event risk. When time-varying, exposure updates usually occur at discrete visits although changes are in continuous time and survival models require values to…

In clinical follow-up studies with a time-to-event end point, the difference in the restricted mean survival time (RMST) is a suitable substitute for the hazard ratio (HR). However, the RMST only measures the survival of patients over a…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-27 Zijing Yang , Chengfeng Zhang , Yawen Hou , Zheng Chen

In many randomized clinical trials of therapeutics for COVID-19, the primary outcome is an ordinal categorical variable, and interest focuses on the odds ratio (active agent vs. control) under the assumption of a proportional odds model.…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-25 Anastasios A. Tsiatis , Marie Davidian , Shannon T. Holloway

Interval censoring occurs when event times are only known to fall between scheduled assessments, a common design in clinical trials, epidemiology, and reliability studies. Standard right-censoring methods, such as Kaplan-Meier and Cox…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-04 J. T. Korley