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The use of third-party datasets and pre-trained machine learning models poses a threat to NLP systems due to possibility of hidden backdoor attacks. Existing attacks involve poisoning the data samples such as insertion of tokens or sentence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Irina Alekseevskaia , Konstantin Arkhipenko

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become central to numerous natural language processing tasks, but their vulnerabilities present significant security and ethical challenges. This systematic survey explores the evolving landscape of attack…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Zhiyu Liao , Kang Chen , Yuanguo Lin , Kangkang Li , Yunxuan Liu , Hefeng Chen , Xingwang Huang , Yuanhui Yu

As Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly become key components in various AI applications, understanding their security vulnerabilities and the effectiveness of defense mechanisms is crucial. This survey examines the security challenges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Frank Weizhen Liu , Chenhui Hu

Large language models (LLMs) are susceptible to social-engineered attacks that are human-interpretable but require a high level of comprehension for LLMs to counteract. Existing defensive measures can only mitigate less than half of these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Canaan Yung , Hadi Mohaghegh Dolatabadi , Sarah Erfani , Christopher Leckie

Large Language Models (LLMs) are swiftly advancing in architecture and capability, and as they integrate more deeply into complex systems, the urgency to scrutinize their security properties grows. This paper surveys research in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Erfan Shayegani , Md Abdullah Al Mamun , Yu Fu , Pedram Zaree , Yue Dong , Nael Abu-Ghazaleh

Safety-aligned large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in real-world pipelines, yet this deployment also enlarges the supply-chain attack surface: adversaries can distribute backdoored checkpoints that behave normally under…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Rui Yin , Tianxu Han , Naen Xu , Changjiang Li , Ping He , Chunyi Zhou , Jun Wang , Zhihui Fu , Tianyu Du , Jinbao Li , Shouling Ji

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive results on natural language tasks, and security researchers are beginning to employ them in both offensive and defensive systems. In cyber-security, there have been multiple research…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Jiacen Xu , Jack W. Stokes , Geoff McDonald , Xuesong Bai , David Marshall , Siyue Wang , Adith Swaminathan , Zhou Li

LLM-powered applications routinely embed secrets in system prompts, yet models can be tricked into revealing them. We built an adaptive attacker that evolves its strategies over hundreds of rounds and tested it against nine defense…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Priyal Deep , Shane Emmons , Amy Fox , Kyle Bacon , Kelley McAllister , Peter Ortiz , Krisztian Flautner

Backdoor attacks are rapidly emerging threats to deep neural networks (DNNs). In the backdoor attack scenario, attackers usually implant the backdoor into the target model by manipulating the training dataset or training process. Then, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-09 Nan Zhong , Zhenxing Qian , Xinpeng Zhang

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) is an emerging paradigm that significantly boosts a Large Language Model's (LLM's) reasoning abilities on complex logical tasks, such as mathematics and programming. However, we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Weiyang Guo , Zesheng Shi , Zeen Zhu , Yuan Zhou , Min Zhang , Jing Li

Multimodal contrastive learning has emerged as a powerful paradigm for building high-quality features using the complementary strengths of various data modalities. However, the open nature of such systems inadvertently increases the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Siyuan Liang , Kuanrong Liu , Jiajun Gong , Jiawei Liang , Yuan Xun , Ee-Chien Chang , Xiaochun Cao

Jailbreak attacks pose a serious threat to the safety of Large Language Models (LLMs) by crafting adversarial prompts that bypass alignment mechanisms, causing the models to produce harmful, restricted, or biased content. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Xiangman Li , Xiaodong Wu , Qi Li , Jianbing Ni , Rongxing Lu

The recent growth in the use of Large Language Models has made them vulnerable to sophisticated adversarial assaults, manipulative prompts, and encoded malicious inputs. Existing countermeasures frequently necessitate retraining models,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Sheikh Samit Muhaimin , Spyridon Mastorakis

Large language models (LLMs) employ safety mechanisms to prevent harmful outputs, yet these defenses primarily rely on semantic pattern matching. We show that encoding harmful prompts as coherent mathematical problems -- using formalisms…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Haoyu Zhang , Mohammad Zandsalimy , Shanu Sushmita

The increasing demand for customized Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to the development of solutions like GPTs. These solutions facilitate tailored LLM creation via natural language prompts without coding. However, the trustworthiness…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Rui Zhang , Hongwei Li , Rui Wen , Wenbo Jiang , Yuan Zhang , Michael Backes , Yun Shen , Yang Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance and have come to dominate the field of natural language processing (NLP) across various tasks. However, due to their strong instruction-following capabilities and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Yulin Chen , Haoran Li , Yuan Sui , Yue Liu , Yufei He , Xiaoling Bai , Chi Fei , Yabo Li , Haozhe Ma , Yangqiu Song , Bryan Hooi

Despite significant advancements, large language models (LLMs) still struggle with providing accurate answers when lacking domain-specific or up-to-date knowledge. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) addresses this limitation by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Yuefeng Peng , Junda Wang , Hong Yu , Amir Houmansadr

Pervasive backdoors are triggered by dynamic and pervasive input perturbations. They can be intentionally injected by attackers or naturally exist in normally trained models. They have a different nature from the traditional static and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Guanhong Tao , Yingqi Liu , Siyuan Cheng , Shengwei An , Zhuo Zhang , Qiuling Xu , Guangyu Shen , Xiangyu Zhang

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has introduced critical security challenges, where adversarial actors can manipulate input prompts to cause significant harm and circumvent safety alignments. These prompt-based attacks…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized artificial intelligence and machine learning through their advanced text processing and generating capabilities. However, their widespread deployment has raised significant safety and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Jing Cui , Yishi Xu , Zhewei Huang , Shuchang Zhou , Jianbin Jiao , Junge Zhang