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Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved significant advances in reasoning tasks. A key approach is tree-based search with verifiers, which expand candidate reasoning paths and use reward models to guide pruning and selection. Although…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yingqian Cui , Zhenwei Dai , Pengfei He , Bing He , Hui Liu , Xianfeng Tang , Jingying Zeng , Suhang Wang , Yue Xing , Jiliang Tang , Benoit Dumoulin

Recently, test-time scaling has garnered significant attention from the research community, largely due to the substantial advancements of the o1 model released by OpenAI. By allocating more computational resources during the inference…

Test-time scaling (TTS) for large language models (LLMs) has thus far fallen into two largely separate paradigms: (1) reinforcement learning (RL) methods that optimize sparse outcome-based rewards, yet suffer from instability and low sample…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Can Jin , Yang Zhou , Qixin Zhang , Hongwu Peng , Di Zhang , Zihan Dong , Marco Pavone , Ligong Han , Zhang-Wei Hong , Tong Che , Dimitris N. Metaxas

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable improvements in reasoning and planning through increased test-time compute, often by framing problem-solving as a search process. While methods like Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Nathan Herr , Tim Rocktäschel , Roberta Raileanu

Tree search has become as a representative framework for test-time reasoning with large language models (LLMs), exemplified by methods such as Tree-of-Thought and Monte Carlo Tree Search. However, it remains difficult to provide instant and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Jiaxi Li , Yucheng Shi , Xiao Huang , Jin Lu , Ninghao Liu

Probabilistic search algorithms, such as Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS), have proven very effective in solving sequential decision-making tasks under uncertainty. However, interpreting asymmetric search trees that incorporate bandit-based…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Siqi Lu , Mirsaleh Bahavarnia , Hiba Baroud , Yixuan Zhang , Hemant Purohit , Ayan Mukhopadhyay

Language models generate reasoning sequentially, preventing them from decoupling irrelevant exploration paths during search. We introduce Tree-Structured Language Modeling (TSLM), which uses special tokens to encode branching structure,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Doyoung Kim , Jaehyeok Doo , Minjoon Seo

Tree of Thoughts (ToT) enhances Large Language Model (LLM) reasoning by structuring problem-solving as a spanning tree. However, recent methods focus on search accuracy while overlooking computational efficiency. The challenges of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Yifu Ding , Wentao Jiang , Shunyu Liu , Yongcheng Jing , Jinyang Guo , Yingjie Wang , Jing Zhang , Zengmao Wang , Ziwei Liu , Bo Du , Xianglong Liu , Dacheng Tao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable reasoning capabilities, yet their standard generation process -- auto-regressive token prediction -- is inherently myopic and prone to cascading errors. To address this, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Guni Sharon

Reinforcement learning (RL) with tree search has demonstrated superior performance in traditional reasoning tasks. Compared to conventional independent chain sampling strategies with outcome supervision, tree search enables better…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Zhenyu Hou , Ziniu Hu , Yujiang Li , Rui Lu , Jie Tang , Yuxiao Dong

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in a wide range of applications, their performance often degrades in complex reasoning tasks. In this work, we introduce SELT (Self-Evaluation LLM Tree Search), a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Mengsong Wu , Di Zhang , Yuqiang Li , Dongzhan Zhou , Wenliang Chen

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant potential in assisting peer review, current methods often struggle to generate thorough and insightful reviews while maintaining efficiency. In this paper, we propose TreeReview, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Yuan Chang , Ziyue Li , Hengyuan Zhang , Yuanbo Kong , Yanru Wu , Hayden Kwok-Hay So , Zhijiang Guo , Liya Zhu , Ngai Wong

In this paper, we examine how large language models (LLMs) solve multi-step problems under a language agent framework with three components: a generator, a discriminator, and a planning method. We investigate the practical utility of two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Ziru Chen , Michael White , Raymond Mooney , Ali Payani , Yu Su , Huan Sun

Despite their remarkable capabilities, large language models often struggle with tasks requiring complex reasoning and planning. While existing approaches like Chain-of-Thought prompting and tree search techniques show promise, they are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Yang Li

Despite their outstanding capabilities, large language models (LLMs) are prone to hallucination and producing factually incorrect information. This challenge has spurred efforts in attributed text generation, which prompts LLMs to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Junyi Li , Hwee Tou Ng

Large Language Model (LLM) agents can increasingly automate complex reasoning through Test-Time Scaling (TTS), iterative refinement guided by reward signals. However, many real-world tasks involve multi-stage pipeline whose final outcomes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Shuyu Gan , James Mooney , Pan Hao , Renxiang Wang , Mingyi Hong , Qianwen Wang , Dongyeop Kang

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has outpaced traditional evaluation methods. Static benchmarks fail to capture the depth and breadth of LLM capabilities and eventually become obsolete, while most dynamic approaches…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Vahid Majdinasab , Amin Nikanjam , Foutse Khomh

LiTS is a modular Python framework for LLM reasoning via tree search. It decomposes tree search into three reusable components (Policy, Transition, and RewardModel) that plug into algorithms like MCTS and BFS. A decorator-based registry…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Xinzhe Li , Yaguang Tao

Inference-time reasoning scaling has significantly advanced the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in complex problem-solving. A prevalent approach involves external search guided by Process Reward Models (PRMs). However, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Zeen Song , Zihao Ma , Wenwen Qiang , Changwen Zheng , Gang Hua

Recent methodologies in LLM self-training mostly rely on LLM generating responses and filtering those with correct output answers as training data. This approach often yields a low-quality fine-tuning training set (e.g., incorrect plans or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Dan Zhang , Sining Zhoubian , Ziniu Hu , Yisong Yue , Yuxiao Dong , Jie Tang
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