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In recent years, Large Language Models have attracted growing interest for their significant potential, though concerns have rapidly emerged regarding unsafe behaviors stemming from inherent stereotypes and biases. Most research on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Akito Nakanishi , Yukie Sano , Geng Liu , Francesco Pierri

Warning: This paper contains content that may be offensive or upsetting. There has been a significant increase in the usage of large language models (LLMs) in various applications, both in their original form and through fine-tuned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Jiaxu Zhao , Meng Fang , Shirui Pan , Wenpeng Yin , Mykola Pechenizkiy

With the rapid progress of Large Language Models (LLMs), the general public now has easy and affordable access to applications capable of answering most health-related questions in a personalized manner. These LLMs are increasingly proving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Emma Kondrup , Anne Imouza

Large Language Models (LLMs) have fundamentally transformed the field of natural language processing; however, their vulnerability to biases presents a notable obstacle that threatens both fairness and trust. This review offers an extensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Kiana Kiashemshaki , Mohammad Jalili Torkamani , Negin Mahmoudi , Meysam Shirdel Bilehsavar

Drawing on constructs from psychology, prior work has identified a distinction between explicit and implicit bias in large language models (LLMs). While many LLMs undergo post-training alignment and safety procedures to avoid expressions of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Molly Apsel , Michael N. Jones

Recent research has highlighted that assigning specific personas to large language models (LLMs) can significantly increase harmful content generation. However, limited attention has been given to persona-driven toxicity in non-Western…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Geng Liu , Li Feng , Carlo Alberto Bono , Songbo Yang , Mengxiao Zhu , Francesco Pierri

Drawing from the resources of psychoanalysis and critical media studies, in this paper we develop an analysis of Large Language Models (LLMs) as automated subjects. We argue the intentional fictional projection of subjectivity onto LLMs can…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Liam Magee , Vanicka Arora , Luke Munn

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in real-world applications where users engage in extended, mixed-topic conversations that depend on prior context. Yet, their reliability under realistic multi-turn interactions remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jiyoon Myung

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has revolutionized Conversational User Interfaces (CUIs), enabling more dynamic, context-aware, and human-like interactions across diverse domains, from social sciences to healthcare. However,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Smit Desai , Mateusz Dubiel , Nima Zargham , Thomas Mildner , Laura Spillner

Large language models (LLMs) are now deployed at unprecedented scale, assisting millions of users in daily tasks. However, the risk of these models assisting unlawful activities remains underexplored. In this study, we define this high-risk…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Xing Wang , Huiyuan Xie , Yiyan Wang , Chaojun Xiao , Huimin Chen , Holli Sargeant , Felix Steffek , Jie Shao , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance on various natural language generation tasks. Nonetheless, they suffer from generating negative and harmful contents that are biased against certain demographic groups (e.g.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Tianci Liu , Haoyu Wang , Shiyang Wang , Yu Cheng , Jing Gao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing, but their susceptibility to biases poses significant challenges. This comprehensive review examines the landscape of bias in LLMs, from its origins to current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Yufei Guo , Muzhe Guo , Juntao Su , Zhou Yang , Mengqiu Zhu , Hongfei Li , Mengyang Qiu , Shuo Shuo Liu

This paper calls on the research community not only to investigate how human biases are inherited by large language models (LLMs) but also to explore how these biases in LLMs can be leveraged to make society's "unwritten code" - such as…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Honglin Bao , Siyang Wu , Jiwoong Choi , Yingrong Mao , James A. Evans

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are integrated into global software systems, ensuring equitable safety guardrails is a critical requirement. Current fairness evaluations predominantly measure bias observationally, a methodology confounded…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Alif Al Hasan

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced capabilities in natural language processing and artificial intelligence. These models, including GPT-3.5 and LLaMA-2, have revolutionized text generation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Yunhong He , Jianling Qiu , Wei Zhang , Zhengqing Yuan

Large language models (LLMs) inherit biases from their training data and alignment processes, influencing their responses in subtle ways. While many studies have examined these biases, little work has explored their robustness during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Virgile Rennard , Christos Xypolopoulos , Michalis Vazirgiannis

We explore the ability of large language models (LLMs) to engage in subtle deception through strategically phrasing and intentionally manipulating information. This harmful behavior can be hard to detect, unlike blatant lying or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Atharvan Dogra , Krishna Pillutla , Ameet Deshpande , Ananya B Sai , John Nay , Tanmay Rajpurohit , Ashwin Kalyan , Balaraman Ravindran

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in solving various tasks, progressively evolving into general-purpose assistants. The increasing integration of LLMs into society has sparked interest in whether they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Yuan Li , Yue Huang , Hongyi Wang , Ying Cheng , Xiangliang Zhang , James Zou , Lichao Sun

This paper aims to help structure the risk landscape associated with large-scale Language Models (LMs). In order to foster advances in responsible innovation, an in-depth understanding of the potential risks posed by these models is needed.…

This paper examines biases in large language models (LLMs) when generating synthetic populations from responses to personality questionnaires. Using five LLMs, we first assess the representativeness and potential biases in the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Jacopo Amidei , Gregorio Ferreira , Mario Muñoz Serrano , Rubén Nieto , Andreas Kaltenbrunner
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