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Large language models (LLMs) excel in abstractive summarization tasks, delivering fluent and pertinent summaries. Recent advancements have extended their capabilities to handle long-input contexts, exceeding 100k tokens. However, in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Mathieu Ravaut , Aixin Sun , Nancy F. Chen , Shafiq Joty

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant promise in various applications, including zero-shot and few-shot learning. However, their performance can be hampered by inherent biases. Instead of traditionally sought methods that aim…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Yong Zhang , Hanzhang Li , Zhitao Li , Ning Cheng , Ming Li , Jing Xiao , Jianzong Wang

Modeling complex subjective tasks in Natural Language Processing, such as recognizing emotion and morality, is considerably challenging due to significant variation in human annotations. This variation often reflects reasonable differences…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Georgios Chochlakis , Peter Wu , Arjun Bedi , Marcus Ma , Kristina Lerman , Shrikanth Narayanan

Optimizing instructions for large language models (LLMs) is critical for harnessing their full potential in complex and diverse tasks. However, relying solely on white-box approaches demands extensive computational resources and offers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Yanwei Ren , Liu Liu , Baosheng Yu , Jiayan Qiu , Quan Chen

The deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) in critical decision-making and evaluation processes raises concerns about inherent biases that malicious actors could exploit to distort decision outcomes. We propose a systematic method to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Atsushi Yamamura , Surya Ganguli

The rapid increase in textual information means we need more efficient methods to sift through, organize, and understand it all. While retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) models excel in accessing information from large document…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Seiji Maekawa , Hayate Iso , Nikita Bhutani

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly applied in various real-world scenarios due to their excellent generalization capabilities and robust generative abilities. However, they exhibit position bias, also known as "lost in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Yijiong Yu , Huiqiang Jiang , Xufang Luo , Qianhui Wu , Chin-Yew Lin , Dongsheng Li , Yuqing Yang , Yongfeng Huang , Lili Qiu

While large language models (LLMs) are equipped with longer text input capabilities than before, they are struggling to seek correct information in long contexts. The "lost in the middle" problem challenges most LLMs, referring to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Junqing He , Kunhao Pan , Xiaoqun Dong , Zhuoyang Song , Yibo Liu , Qianguo Sun , Yuxin Liang , Hao Wang , Enming Zhang , Jiaxing Zhang

The ability of large language models (LLMs) to recall and retrieve information from long contexts is critical for many real-world applications. Prior work (Liu et al., 2023) reported that LLMs suffer significant drops in retrieval accuracy…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Max McKinnon

While holding great promise for improving and facilitating healthcare, large language models (LLMs) struggle to produce up-to-date responses on evolving topics due to outdated knowledge or hallucination. Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Gongbo Zhang , Zihan Xu , Qiao Jin , Fangyi Chen , Yilu Fang , Yi Liu , Justin F. Rousseau , Ziyang Xu , Zhiyong Lu , Chunhua Weng , Yifan Peng

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly support very long input contexts. Yet it remains unclear how reliably they extract and infer information at scale. Performance varies with context length and strongly interacts with how information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Amirali Ebrahimzadeh , Seyyed M. Salili

Reinforcement learning has emerged as a powerful paradigm for unlocking reasoning capabilities in language models. However, relying on sparse rewards makes this process highly sample-inefficient, as models must navigate vast search spaces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Ilia Mahrooghi , Aryo Lotfi , Emmanuel Abbe

Long-context capability and computational efficiency are among the central challenges facing today's large language models. Existing efficient attention methods reduce computational complexity, but they typically suffer from a limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Yunao Zheng , Xiaojie Wang , Lei Ren , Wei Chen

Regression models often fail to generalize effectively in regions characterized by highly imbalanced label distributions. Previous methods for deep imbalanced regression rely on gradient-based weight updates, which tend to overfit in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Ismail Nejjar , Faez Ahmed , Olga Fink

Masked diffusion language models (MDLMs) have emerged as a promising alternative to dominant autoregressive approaches. Although they achieve competitive performance on several tasks, a substantial gap remains in open-ended text generation.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Mengyu Ye , Ryosuke Takahashi , Keito Kudo , Jun Suzuki

Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve gold-medal performance across many benchmarks, yet it remains unclear whether such success reflects genuine reasoning or pattern matching. From a cognitive science perspective, an informative test is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Fenghua Liu , Yulong Chen , Yixuan Liu , Zhujun Jin , Solomon Tsai , Ming Zhong

Modern long-context large language models (LLMs) perform well on synthetic "needle-in-a-haystack" (NIAH) benchmarks, but such tests overlook how noisy contexts arise from biased retrieval and agentic workflows. We argue that haystack…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Mufei Li , Dongqi Fu , Limei Wang , Si Zhang , Hanqing Zeng , Kaan Sancak , Ruizhong Qiu , Haoyu Wang , Xiaoxin He , Xavier Bresson , Yinglong Xia , Chonglin Sun , Pan Li

Large Language Models have undoubtedly revolutionized the Natural Language Processing field, the current trend being to promote one-model-for-all tasks (sentiment analysis, translation, etc.). However, the statistical mechanisms at work in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Célia D'Cruz , Jean-Marc Bereder , Frédéric Precioso , Michel Riveill

Large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-3 and GPT-4 are powerful but their weights are often publicly unavailable and their immense sizes make the models difficult to be tuned with common hardware. As a result, effectively tuning these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Canwen Xu , Yichong Xu , Shuohang Wang , Yang Liu , Chenguang Zhu , Julian McAuley

This paper introduces a novel Bayesian learning model to explain the behavior of Large Language Models (LLMs), focusing on their core optimization metric of next token prediction. We develop a theoretical framework based on an ideal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Siddhartha Dalal , Vishal Misra