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The lack of high-quality public cyber incident data limits empirical research and predictive modeling for cyber risk assessment. This challenge persists due to the reluctance of companies to disclose incidents that could damage their…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2026-03-20 Jiayi Guo , Zhiyu Quan , Linfeng Zhang

Organizational cybersecurity policies are often examined to determine whether they adequately comply standard security controls. This task is difficult because control statements are abstract, whereas policy documents describe governance…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Bikash Saha , Sandeep Kumar Shukla

Operators performing high-stakes, safety-critical tasks - such as air traffic controllers, surgeons, or mission control personnel - must maintain exceptional cognitive performance under variable and often stressful conditions. This paper…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Maciej Grzeszczuk , Grzegorz Pochwatko , Barbara Karpowicz , Stanisław Knapiński , Wiesław Kopeć

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained considerable popularity and protected by increasingly sophisticated safety mechanisms. However, jailbreak attacks continue to pose a critical security threat by inducing models to generate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Zehao Liu , Xi Lin

The increasing deployment of large language models (LLMs) in the cybersecurity domain underscores the need for effective model selection and evaluation. However, traditional evaluation methods often overlook specific cybersecurity knowledge…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Dawei Wang , Geng Zhou , Xianglong Li , Yu Bai , Li Chen , Ting Qin , Jian Sun , Dan Li

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) integrate physical and embedded systems with information and communication technology systems, monitoring and controlling physical processes with minimal human intervention. The connection to information and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Asila AlHarmali , Saqib Ali , Waqas Aman , Omar Hussain

Large Language Model (LLM) agents can automate cybersecurity tasks and can adapt to the evolving cybersecurity landscape without re-engineering. While LLM agents have demonstrated cybersecurity capabilities on Capture-The-Flag (CTF)…

Language Model (LM) agents for cybersecurity that are capable of autonomously identifying vulnerabilities and executing exploits have potential to cause real-world impact. Policymakers, model providers, and researchers in the AI and…

Existing threat modeling frameworks related to transportation cyber-physical systems (CPS) are often narrow in scope, labor-intensive, and require substantial cybersecurity expertise. To this end, we introduce the Transportation…

Recent advances in LLM agentic systems have improved the automation of offensive security tasks, particularly for Capture the Flag (CTF) challenges. We systematically investigate the key factors that drive agent success and provide a…

Precise estimation of Crash Modification Factors (CMFs) is central to evaluating the effectiveness of various road safety treatments and prioritizing infrastructure investment accordingly. While customized study for each countermeasure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Yanlin Qi , Jia Li , Michael Zhang

Analyzing Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) from large volumes of data is critical for drafting and publishing comprehensive CTI reports. This process usually follows a three-stage workflow -- triage, deep search and TI drafting. While Large…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Xiangsen Chen , Xuan Feng , Shuo Chen , Matthieu Maitre , Sudipto Rakshit , Diana Duvieilh , Ashley Picone , Nan Tang

As the frequency of cyber threats increases, conventional penetration testing is failing to capture the entirety of todays complex environments. To solve this problem, we propose the Vulnerability Mitigation System (VMS), a novel agent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Farzana Abdulzada

Although general-purpose AI systems offer transformational opportunities in science and industry, they simultaneously raise critical concerns about safety, misuse, and potential loss of control. Despite these risks, methods for assessing…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Malcolm Murray , Steve Barrett , Henry Papadatos , Otter Quarks , Matt Smith , Alejandro Tlaie Boria , Chloé Touzet , Siméon Campos

Metrics and frameworks to quantifiably assess security measures have arisen from needs of three distinct research communities - statistical measures from the intrusion detection and prevention literature, evaluation of cyber exercises,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-10-28 Michael D. Iannacone , Robert A. Bridges

The exponential growth of Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) disclosures poses significant challenges for enterprise security management, necessitating automated and quantitative risk assessment methodologies. Existing vulnerability…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Wanru Shao

As large language models (LLMs) expose systemic security challenges in high risk applications, including privacy leaks, bias amplification, and malicious abuse, there is an urgent need for a dynamic risk assessment and collaborative defence…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Xiaoyan Zhang , Dongyang Lyu , Xiaoqi Li

Monitoring humans, for example, their movement or location, is essential for safe and efficient human-machine collaboration in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). This information allows CPS to ensure safety properties, adapt their behaviour…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Zoe Pfister , Ruth Breu , Michael Vierhauser

Privacy-preservation for sensitive data has become a challenging issue in cloud computing. Threat modeling as a part of requirements engineering in secure software development provides a structured approach for identifying attacks and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-04-05 Ali Gholami , Anna-Sara Lind , Jane Reichel , Jan-Eric Litton , Ake Edlund , Erwin Laure

Cyber risk refers to the risk of defacing reputation, monetary losses, or disruption of an organization or individuals, and this situation usually occurs by the unconscious use of cyber systems. The cyber risk is unhurriedly increasing day…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Fatama Tuz Johora , Md Shahedul Islam Khan , Esrath Kanon , Mohammad Abu Tareq Rony , Md Zubair , Iqbal H. Sarker