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Digital twins (DTs) are improving water distribution systems by using real-time data, analytics, and prediction models to optimize operations. This paper presents a DT platform designed for a Spanish water supply network, utilizing Long…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Mohammadhossein Homaei , Victor Gonzalez Morales , Oscar Mogollon-Gutierrez , Andres Caro

Industrial Water Treatment Systems (IWTS) are safety critical cyber-physical infrastructures and due to increased connectivity, these systems are exposed to cyber threats that can manipulate process behaviour without creating obvious…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Mandar Joshi , Farzana Zahid , Judy Bowen , Matthew M. Y. Kuo , Valeriy Vyatkin , Emil Karlsson

Existing cyberattack detection methods for smart grids such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) often suffer from limited adaptability, delayed response, and inadequate coordination in distributed…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-06 Mohammad Ashraf Hossain Sadi , Soham Ghosh , Siby Plathottam , Mohd. Hasan Ali

Cyberattacks on critical infrastructure, particularly water distribution systems, have increased due to rapid digitalization and the integration of IoT devices and industrial control systems (ICS). These cyber-physical systems (CPS)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Michael Somma

Digital Twins have emerged as a disruptive technology with great potential; they can enhance WDS by offering real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and optimization capabilities. This paper describes the development of a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-12-10 MohammadHossein Homaei , Agustín Javier Di Bartolo , Mar Ávila , Óscar Mogollón-Gutiérrez , Andrés Caro

Cyberattack detection in Critical Infrastructure and Supply Chains has become challenging in Industry 4.0. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are deployed to counter the cyberattacks. However, an IDS effectively detects attacks based on the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Smita Khapre

Dynamic watermarking schemes can enhance the cyber attack detection capability of networked control systems (NCSs). This paper presents a linear event-triggered solution to conventional dynamic watermarking (CDW) schemes. Firstly, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Dajun Du , Changda Zhang , Xue Li , Minrui Fei , Huiyu Zhou

Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) drive toward strong environmental adaptability, intelligence, and multifunctionality. However, due to unique UASN characteristics, such as long propagation delay, dynamic channel quality, and high…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Shanshan Song , Bingwen Huangfu , Jiani Guo , Jun Liu , Junhong Cui , Xuemin , Shen

Anomaly detection is critical to ensure the security of cyber-physical systems (CPS). However, due to the increasing complexity of attacks and CPS themselves, anomaly detection in CPS is becoming more and more challenging. In our previous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Qinghua Xu , Shaukat Ali , Tao Yue

Current Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) integrated with Digital Twin (DT) technology face critical limitations in achieving real-time performance for mission-critical industrial applications. Existing 5G-enabled systems suffer from latencies…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Vaskar Chakma , Wooyeol Choi

Digital twins are virtual systems designed to predict how a real-world process will evolve in response to interventions. This modelling paradigm holds substantial promise in many applications, but rigorous procedures for assessing their…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-03 Rob Cornish , Muhammad Faaiz Taufiq , Arnaud Doucet , Chris Holmes

The Digital Twin (DT) offers a novel approach to the management of critical infrastructures, including energy, water, traffic, public health, and communication systems, which are indispensable for the functioning of modern societies. The…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Eva Brucherseifer , Marco Marquard , Martin Hellmann , Andrea Tundis

The continuously growing amount of monitored data in the Industry 4.0 context requires strong and reliable anomaly detection techniques. The advancement of Digital Twin technologies allows for realistic simulations of complex machinery,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-29 Andrea Castellani , Sebastian Schmitt , Stefano Squartini

A digital twin (DT) leverages a virtual representation of the physical world, along with communication (e.g., 6G), computing (e.g., edge computing), and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to enable many connected intelligence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Christo Kurisummoottil Thomas , Walid Saad , Yong Xiao

With the growing complexity of cyberattacks targeting critical infrastructures such as water treatment networks, there is a pressing need for robust anomaly detection strategies that account for both system vulnerabilities and evolving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Arun Vignesh Malarkkan , Haoyue Bai , Dongjie Wang , Yanjie Fu

The increasing relevance of resilience in wireless connectivity for Industry 4.0 stems from the growing complexity and interconnectivity of industrial systems, where a single point of failure can disrupt the entire network, leading to…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-16 Anton Krause , Mohd Danish Khursheed , Philipp Schulz , Friedrich Burmeister , Gerhard Fettweis

The integration of communication networks and the Internet of Things (IoT) in Industrial Control Systems (ICSs) increases their vulnerability towards cyber-attacks, causing devastating outcomes. Traditional Intrusion Detection Systems…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-05 Abdulrahman Al-Abassi , Hadis Karimipour , Ali Dehghantanha , Reza M. Parizi

Traditional intrusion detection systems (IDSs) often rely on either network traffic or process data, but this single-source approach may miss complex attack patterns that span multiple layers within industrial control systems (ICSs) or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Vegard Berge , Chunlei Li

Traditional risk assessments rely on manual audits and system scans, often causing operational disruptions and leaving security gaps. To address these challenges, this work presents Security Digital Twin-as-a-Service (SDT-aaS), a novel…

In the era of 5G and beyond, the increasing complexity of wireless networks necessitates innovative frameworks for efficient management and deployment. Digital twins (DTs), embodying real-time monitoring, predictive configurations, and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Zifan Zhang , Minghong Fang , Mingzhe Chen , Gaolei Li , Xi Lin , Yuchen Liu