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Vision-Language Models (VLMs) are known to struggle with spatial reasoning and visual alignment. To help overcome these limitations, we introduce iVISPAR, an interactive multimodal benchmark designed to evaluate the spatial reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Julius Mayer , Mohamad Ballout , Serwan Jassim , Farbod Nosrat Nezami , Elia Bruni

We introduce InternVLA-M1, a unified framework for spatial grounding and robot control that advances instruction-following robots toward scalable, general-purpose intelligence. Its core idea is spatially guided vision-language-action…

This paper reviews the MARS2 2025 Challenge on Multimodal Reasoning. We aim to bring together different approaches in multimodal machine learning and LLMs via a large benchmark. We hope it better allows researchers to follow the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Peng Xu , Shengwu Xiong , Jiajun Zhang , Yaxiong Chen , Bowen Zhou , Chen Change Loy , David A. Clifton , Kyoung Mu Lee , Luc Van Gool , Ruiming He , Ruilin Yao , Xinwei Long , Jirui Huang , Kai Tian , Sa Yang , Yihua Shao , Jin Feng , Yue Zhong , Jiakai Zhou , Cheng Tang , Tianyu Zou , Yifang Zhang , Junming Liang , Guoyou Li , Zhaoxiang Wang , Qiang Zhou , Yichen Zhao , Shili Xiong , Hyeongjin Nam , Jaerin Lee , Jaeyoung Chung , JoonKyu Park , Junghun Oh , Kanggeon Lee , Wooseok Lee , Juneyoung Ro , Turghun Osman , Can Hu , Chaoyang Liao , Cheng Chen , Chengcheng Han , Chenhao Qiu , Chong Peng , Cong Xu , Dailin Li , Feiyu Wang , Feng Gao , Guibo Zhu , Guopeng Tang , Haibo Lu , Han Fang , Han Qi , Hanxiao Wu , Haobo Cheng , Hongbo Sun , Hongyao Chen , Huayong Hu , Hui Li , Jiaheng Ma , Jiang Yu , Jianing Wang , Jie Yang , Jing He , Jinglin Zhou , Jingxuan Li , Josef Kittler , Lihao Zheng , Linnan Zhao , Mengxi Jia , Muyang Yan , Nguyen Thanh Thien , Pu Luo , Qi Li , Shien Song , Shijie Dong , Shuai Shao , Shutao Li , Taofeng Xue , Tianyang Xu , Tianyi Gao , Tingting Li , Wei Zhang , Weiyang Su , Xiaodong Dong , Xiao-Jun Wu , Xiaopeng Zhou , Xin Chen , Xin Wei , Xinyi You , Xudong Kang , Xujie Zhou , Xusheng Liu , Yanan Wang , Yanbin Huang , Yang Liu , Yang Yang , Yanglin Deng , Yashu Kang , Ye Yuan , Yi Wen , Yicen Tian , Yilin Tao , Yin Tang , Yipeng Lin , Yiqing Wang , Yiting Xi , Yongkang Yu , Yumei Li , Yuxin Qin , Yuying Chen , Yuzhe Cen , Zhaofan Zou , Zhaohong Liu , Zhehao Shen , Zhenglin Du , Zhengyang Li , Zhenni Huang , Zhenwei Shao , Zhilong Song , Zhiyong Feng , Zhiyu Wang , Zhou Yu , Ziang Li , Zihan Zhai , Zijian Zhang , Ziyang Peng , Ziyun Xiao , Zongshu Li

Spatial tracing, as a fundamental embodied interaction ability for robots, is inherently challenging as it requires multi-step metric-grounded reasoning compounded with complex spatial referring and real-world metric measurement. However,…

Humans are born with vision-based 4D spatial-temporal intelligence, which enables us to perceive and reason about the evolution of 3D space over time from purely visual inputs. Despite its importance, this capability remains a significant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Xingyilang Yin , Chengzhengxu Li , Jiahao Chang , Chi-Man Pun , Xiaodong Cun

Recent advancements in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have shown promising results, yet existing approaches struggle to effectively handle both temporal and spatial localization simultaneously. This challenge stems from two key…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Hongyu Li , Jinyu Chen , Ziyu Wei , Shaofei Huang , Tianrui Hui , Jialin Gao , Xiaoming Wei , Si Liu

Integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into visual domain tasks, resulting in visual-LLMs (V-LLMs), has enabled exceptional performance in vision-language tasks, particularly for visual question answering (VQA). However, existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Kanchana Ranasinghe , Satya Narayan Shukla , Omid Poursaeed , Michael S. Ryoo , Tsung-Yu Lin

Recent advances in multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated strong performance across various domains; however, their ability to comprehend driving scenes remains less proven. The complexity of driving scenarios, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Sung-Yeon Park , Can Cui , Yunsheng Ma , Ahmadreza Moradipari , Rohit Gupta , Kyungtae Han , Ziran Wang

Video understanding represents the most challenging frontier in computer vision, requiring models to reason about complex spatiotemporal relationships, long-term dependencies, and multimodal evidence. The recent emergence of Video-Large…

With the recent rise of Large Language Models (LLMs), Vision-Language Models (VLMs), and other general foundation models, there is growing potential for multimodal, multi-task embodied agents that can operate in diverse environments given…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Haochen Zhang , Nader Zantout , Pujith Kachana , Zongyuan Wu , Ji Zhang , Wenshan Wang

Spatial reasoning is a fundamental aspect of human cognition, enabling intuitive understanding and manipulation of objects in three-dimensional space. While foundation models demonstrate remarkable performance on some benchmarks, they still…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Fan-Yun Sun , Weiyu Liu , Siyi Gu , Dylan Lim , Goutam Bhat , Federico Tombari , Manling Li , Nick Haber , Jiajun Wu

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have improved reasoning in text and image domains, yet achieving robust video reasoning remains a significant challenge. Existing video benchmarks mainly assess shallow understanding and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Xuchen Li , Xuzhao Li , Shiyu Hu , Kaiqi Huang , Wentao Zhang

We investigate the ability of Vision Language Models (VLMs) to perform visual perspective taking using a new set of visual tasks inspired by established human tests. Our approach leverages carefully controlled scenes in which a single…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Gracjan Góral , Alicja Ziarko , Piotr Miłoś , Michał Nauman , Maciej Wołczyk , Michał Kosiński

Vision language models (VLMs) achieve strong performance on general image understanding but struggle to think with medical images, especially when performing multi-step reasoning through iterative visual interaction. Medical VLMs often rely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Meng Lu , Yuxing Lu , Yuchen Zhuang , Megan Mullins , Yang Xie , Guanghua Xiao , Charles Fleming , Wenqi Shi , Xuan Wang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable success in open-vocabulary perceptual tasks, yet their ability to solve complex cognitive problems remains limited, especially when visual details are abstract and require…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Boyi Li , Yifan Shen , Yuanzhe Liu , Yifan Xu , Jiateng Liu , Xinzhuo Li , Zhengyuan Li , Jingyuan Zhu , Yunhan Zhong , Fangzhou Lan , Jianguo Cao , James M. Rehg , Heng Ji , Ismini Lourentzou , Xu Cao

Modern vision-language models (VLMs) are expected to have abilities of spatial reasoning with diverse scene complexities, but evaluating such abilities is difficult due to the lack of benchmarks that are not only diverse and scalable but…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Haoming Wang , Qiyao Xue , Wei Gao

Recent advancements in Spatial Intelligence (SI) have predominantly relied on Vision-Language Models (VLMs), yet a critical question remains: does spatial understanding originate from visual encoders or the fundamental reasoning backbone?…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Zhongbin Guo , Zhen Yang , Yushan Li , Xinyue Zhang , Wenyu Gao , Jiacheng Wang , Chengzhi Li , Xiangrui Liu , Ping Jian

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have made remarkable progress in either temporal or spatial localization. However, they struggle to perform spatio-temporal video grounding. This limitation stems from two major challenges. Firstly,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Jiankang Wang , Zhihan Zhang , Zhihang Liu , Yang Li , Jiannan Ge , Hongtao Xie , Yongdong Zhang

Spatial understanding remains a weakness of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs). Existing supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and recent reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) pipelines depend on costly supervision, specialized…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Yuhong Liu , Beichen Zhang , Yuhang Zang , Yuhang Cao , Long Xing , Xiaoyi Dong , Haodong Duan , Dahua Lin , Jiaqi Wang

Vision language models (VLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in integrating linguistic and visual reasoning but remain fundamentally limited in understanding dynamic spatiotemporal interactions. Humans effortlessly track and reason…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Shijie Zhou , Alexander Vilesov , Xuehai He , Ziyu Wan , Shuwang Zhang , Aditya Nagachandra , Di Chang , Dongdong Chen , Xin Eric Wang , Achuta Kadambi