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Snakes can move through almost any terrain. Although their locomotion on flat surfaces using planar gaits is inherently stable, when snakes deform their body out of plane to traverse complex terrain, maintaining stability becomes a…

Biological Physics · Physics 2025-09-18 Qiyuan Fu , Chen Li

Every robot built to date was predesigned by an external process, prior to deployment. Here we show a robot that actively participates in its own design during its lifetime. Starting from a randomly assembled body, and using only…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Chen Yu , Sam Kriegman

This study proposes a soft robotic device with a slim and flexible body that switches between air blowing and suction with a single airflow control. Suction is achieved by jet flow entraining surrounding air, and blowing is achieved by…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Seita Nojiri , Toshihiro Nishimura , Kenjiro Tadakuma , Tetsuyou Watanabe

Locomotion by shape changes (spermatozoon swimming, snake slithering, bird flapping) or gas expulsion (rocket firing) is assumed to require environmental interaction, due to conservation of momentum. As first noted in (Wisdom, 2003) and…

Soft everting robots present significant advantages over traditional rigid robots, including enhanced dexterity, improved environmental interaction, and safe navigation in unpredictable environments. While soft everting robots have been…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Ethan DeVries , Jack Ferlazzo , Mustafa Ugur , Laura H. Blumenschein

Snakes can traverse almost all types of environments by bending their elongate bodies in 3-D to interact with the terrain. Similarly, a snake robot is a promising platform to perform critical tasks in various environments. Understanding how…

Biological Physics · Physics 2023-02-23 Qiyuan Fu

Soft robots achieve functionality through tight coupling among geometry, material composition, and actuation. As a result, effective design optimization requires these three aspects to be considered jointly rather than in isolation. This…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Vittorio Candiello , Manuel Mekkattu , Mike Y. Michelis , Robert K. Katzschmann

We propose a novel mechanism that propagates vibration through soft twisted beams, taking advantage of dynamically-coupled anisotropic stiffness to simplify the actuation of walking robots. Using dynamic simulation and experimental…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Yuhao Jiang , Fuchen Chen , Daniel M. Aukes

We propose reaching steps towards the real-time strain control of multiphysics, multiscale continuum soft robots. To study this problem fundamentally, we ground ourselves in a model-based control setting enabled by mathematically precise…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-09 Lekan Molu

Snapping beams enable rapid geometric transitions through nonlinear instability, offering an efficient means of generating motion in soft robotic systems. In this study, a tendon-driven mechanism consisting of spiral-based metabeams was…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Mohsen Jafarpour , Ayberk Yüksek , Shahab Eshghi , Stanislav Gorb , Edoardo Milana

Spring-driven jumping robots use an energised spring for propulsion, while the onboard motor only serves as a spring-charging source. A common mechanism in designing these robots is the rhomboidal linkage, which has been combined with…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-11-07 John Lo , Ben Parslew

Snap-buckling is a rapid shape transition in slender structures, appearing as a fundamental switching mechanism of natural and man-made systems. Boundary conditions of structures are crucial to predict and control their snap-buckling…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2026-01-23 Takara Abe , Tomohiko G. Sano

Rigid-bodied robots often lack compliance needed to adapt to unstructured environments, while fully soft robots, though highly adaptable, struggle with scalability and load capacity. In nature, musculoskeletal systems balance strength and…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Hiroki Kobayashi , Yuki Takaha , Changyoung Yuhn , Yuki Sato , Sunao Tomita , Atsushi Kawamoto , Tsuyoshi Nomura

Quadruped robots are becoming increasingly essential for various applications, including industrial inspection and catastrophe search and rescue. These scenarios require robots to possess enhanced agility and obstacle-navigation skills.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yiyang Chen , Yuxin Liu , Jinzheng Zhou , Fanxin Wang , Qinglei Bu , Jie Sun , Yikun Cheng

Traversing terrains with sparse footholds like legged animals presents a promising yet challenging task for quadruped robots, as it requires precise environmental perception and agile control to secure safe foot placement while maintaining…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Ruiqi Yu , Qianshi Wang , Hongyi Li , Zheng Jun , Zhicheng Wang , Jun Wu , Qiuguo Zhu

Soft crawling robots exhibit efficient locomotion across various terrains and demonstrate robustness to diverse environmental conditions. Here, we propose a valveless soft-legged robot that integrates a pair of rotary bellows-enclosed soft…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Yiming He , Yuchen Wang , Yunjia Zhang , Shuguang Li

Depending on multiple parameters, soft robots can exhibit different modes of locomotion that are difficult to model numerically. As a result, improving their performance is complex, especially in small-scale systems characterized by low…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Mikołaj Rogóż , Zofia Dziekan , Piotr Wasylczyk

Recent progress in legged locomotion has allowed highly dynamic and parkour-like behaviors for robots, similar to their biological counterparts. Yet, these methods mostly rely on egocentric (first-person) perception, limiting their…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Rémy Rahem , Wael Suleiman

The gaits of undulating animals arise from a complex interaction of their central nervous system, muscle, connective tissue, bone, and environment. As a simplifying assumption, many previous studies have often assumed that sufficient…

Biological Physics · Physics 2023-05-31 Brian Van Stratum , Jonathan E. Clark , Kourosh Shoele

Almost all robotic systems in use have hard shells, which is limiting in many ways their full potential of physical interaction with humans or their surrounding environment. Robots with soft-shell covers offer an alternative morphology…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-15 Yukiko Osawa , Yuho Kinbara , Masakazu Kageoka , Kenji Iida , Abderrahmane Kheddar