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Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance on complex tasks but suffer from high computational costs and latency. While selective thinking strategies improve efficiency by routing easy queries to non-thinking…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Chengyao Yu , Hao Zeng , Youxin Zhu , Jianguo Huang , Huajun Zeng , Bingyi Jing

Large reasoning models have shown strong performance through extended chain-of-thought reasoning, yet their computational cost remains significant. Probably approximately correct (PAC) reasoning provides statistical guarantees for efficient…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Jianguo Huang , Hao Zeng , Bingyi Jing , Hongxin Wei , Bo An

Large Reasoning Language Models (LRLMs or LRMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities in complex reasoning tasks, but suffer from significant computational inefficiencies due to overthinking phenomena. Existing efficient reasoning methods…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Dongqi Zheng

Current large-language models (LLMs) typically adopt a fixed reasoning strategy, either simple or complex, for all questions, regardless of their difficulty. This neglect of variation in task and reasoning process complexity leads to an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yi Wang , Junxiao Liu , Shimao Zhang , Jiajun Chen , Shujian Huang

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have shown remarkable reasoning capabilities, yet they often suffer from overthinking, expending redundant computational steps on simple problems, or underthinking, failing to explore sufficient reasoning paths…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Yulin Li , Tengyao Tu , Li Ding , Junjie Wang , Huiling Zhen , Yixin Chen , Yong Li , Zhuotao Tian

Large reasoning models (LRMs) have achieved impressive performance in complex tasks, often outperforming conventional large language models (LLMs). However, the prevalent issue of overthinking severely limits their computational efficiency.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Zhiyuan Li , Yi Chang , Yuan Wu

Large reasoning models (LRMs) achieve remarkable performance via long reasoning chains, but often incur excessive computational overhead due to redundant reasoning, especially on simple tasks. In this work, we systematically quantify the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Xiaoyun Zhang , Jingqing Ruan , Xing Ma , Yawen Zhu , Haodong Zhao , Hao Li , Jiansong Chen , Ke Zeng , Xunliang Cai

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) allocate substantial inference-time compute to Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning, improving performance on mathematics, scientific QA, and tool usage. However, this introduces overthinking: LRMs often reach a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Sangjun Song , Minjae Oh , Seungkyu Lee , Sungmin Jo , Yohan Jo

While recent success of large reasoning models (LRMs) significantly advanced LLMs' reasoning capability by optimizing the final answer accuracy using reinforcement learning, they may also drastically increase the output length due to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Sohyun An , Ruochen Wang , Tianyi Zhou , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Reasoning Large Language Models (LLMs) enable test-time scaling, with dataset-level accuracy improving as the token budget increases, motivating adaptive reasoning -- spending tokens when they improve reliability and stopping early when…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Xi Wang , Anushri Suresh , Alvin Zhang , Rishi More , William Jurayj , Benjamin Van Durme , Mehrdad Farajtabar , Daniel Khashabi , Eric Nalisnick

Human cognition is theorized to operate in two modes: fast, intuitive System 1 thinking and slow, deliberate System 2 thinking. While current Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) excel at System 2 thinking, their inability to perform fast thinking…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Zhengkai Lin , Zhihang Fu , Ze Chen , Chao Chen , Liang Xie , Wenxiao Wang , Deng Cai , Zheng Wang , Jieping Ye

Recent generations of language models have introduced Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) that generate detailed thinking processes before providing answers. While these models demonstrate improved performance on reasoning benchmarks, their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Parshin Shojaee , Iman Mirzadeh , Keivan Alizadeh , Maxwell Horton , Samy Bengio , Mehrdad Farajtabar

We prove an impossibility result for conditional Probably Approximately Correct (PAC)-efficient reasoning in large language models. While recent work has established marginal PAC efficiency guarantees for composite models that switch…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-04 Hao Zeng

Large reasoning models (LRMs) achieve impressive reasoning capabilities by generating lengthy chain-of-thoughts, but this "overthinking" incurs high latency and cost without commensurate accuracy gains. In this work, we introduce AALC, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Ruosen Li , Ziming Luo , Quan Zhang , Ruochen Li , Ben Zhou , Ali Payani , Xinya Du

Statistical performance bounds for reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms can be critical for high-stakes applications like healthcare. This paper introduces a new framework for theoretically measuring the performance of such algorithms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-01-03 Christoph Dann , Tor Lattimore , Emma Brunskill

The recent rise of Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) has significantly improved multi-step reasoning performance, but often at the cost of generating excessively long reasoning chains. This paper revisits the efficiency of such reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Xixian Yong , Xiao Zhou , Yingying Zhang , Jinlin Li , Yefeng Zheng , Xian Wu

Large reasoning models (LRMs) often consume excessive tokens, inflating computational cost and latency. More broadly, in goal reaching sequential decision problems we often want to reach the goal quickly, and LRM reasoning can be viewed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Alex Ayoub , Kavosh Asadi , Dale Schuurmans , Csaba Szepesvári , Karim Bouyarmane

Recent advancements in reasoning have significantly enhanced the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) across diverse tasks. However, excessive reliance on chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Jinghui Lu , Haiyang Yu , Siliang Xu , Shiwei Ran , Guozhi Tang , Siqi Wang , Bin Shan , Teng Fu , Hao Feng , Jingqun Tang , Han Wang , Can Huang

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have recently demonstrated significant improvements in complex reasoning. While quantifying generation uncertainty in LRMs is crucial, traditional methods are often insufficient because they do not provide…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Yangyi Li , Chenxu Zhao , Mengdi Huai

Scaling test-time computation with reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a reliable path to improve large language models (LLM) reasoning ability. Yet, outcome-based reward often incentivizes models to be overconfident, leading to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Liaoyaqi Wang , Chunsheng Zuo , William Jurayj , Benjamin Van Durme , Anqi Liu
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