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The safety and robustness of large language models (LLMs) based applications remain critical challenges in artificial intelligence. Among the key threats to these applications are prompt hacking attacks, which can significantly undermine…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Baha Rababah , Shang , Wu , Matthew Kwiatkowski , Carson Leung , Cuneyt Gurcan Akcora

Despite their remarkable performance, large language models lack elementary safety features, making them susceptible to numerous malicious attacks. In particular, previous work has identified the absence of an intrinsic separation between…

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) on custom datasets has become a standard approach for adapting these models to specific domains and applications. However, recent studies have shown that such fine-tuning can lead to significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yanping Li , Zhening Liu , Zijian Li , Zehong Lin , Jun Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at text comprehension and generation, making them ideal for automated tasks like code review and content moderation. However, our research identifies a vulnerability: LLMs can be manipulated by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Honglin Mu , Jinghao Liu , Kaiyang Wan , Rui Xing , Xiuying Chen , Timothy Baldwin , Wanxiang Che

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly employ alignment techniques to prevent harmful outputs. Despite these safeguards, attackers can circumvent them by crafting prompts that induce LLMs to generate harmful content. Current methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Jiawei Lian , Jianhong Pan , Lefan Wang , Yi Wang , Shaohui Mei , Lap-Pui Chau

LLM-integrated applications and agents are vulnerable to prompt injection attacks, where an attacker injects prompts into their inputs to induce attacker-desired outputs. A detection method aims to determine whether a given input is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Yupei Liu , Yuqi Jia , Jinyuan Jia , Dawn Song , Neil Zhenqiang Gong

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional proficiency in instruction-following, becoming increasingly crucial across various applications. However, this capability brings with it the risk of prompt injection attacks, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Zekun Li , Baolin Peng , Pengcheng He , Xifeng Yan

Text sanitization aims to rewrite parts of a document to prevent disclosure of personal information. The central challenge of text sanitization is to strike a balance between privacy protection (avoiding the leakage of personal information)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Ildikó Pilán , Benet Manzanares-Salor , David Sánchez , Pierre Lison

Large Language Models (LLMs) have seen rapid adoption in recent years, with industries increasingly relying on them to maintain a competitive advantage. These models excel at interpreting user instructions and generating human-like…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Andrew Yeo , Daeseon Choi

With the increased deployment of large language models (LLMs), one concern is their potential misuse for generating harmful content. Our work studies the alignment challenge, with a focus on filters to prevent the generation of unsafe…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Sarah Ball , Greg Gluch , Shafi Goldwasser , Frauke Kreuter , Omer Reingold , Guy N. Rothblum

Prompt injection remains one of the most practical attack vectors against LLM-integrated applications. We replicate the Microsoft LLMail-Inject benchmark (Greshake et al., 2024) against current generation models running inside OpenClaw, an…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Darren Cheng , Wen-Kwang Tsao

Machine learning models trained on data from the outside world can be corrupted by data poisoning attacks that inject malicious points into the models' training sets. A common defense against these attacks is data sanitization: first filter…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-06 Pang Wei Koh , Jacob Steinhardt , Percy Liang

Artificial Intelligence (AI) advancement is heavily dependent on access to large-scale, high-quality training data. However, in specialized domains such as healthcare, data acquisition faces significant constraints due to privacy…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Nina Freise , Marius Heitlinger , Ruben Nuredini , Gerrit Meixner

AI agents capable of GUI understanding and Model Context Protocol are increasingly deployed to automate mobile tasks. However, their reliance on over-privileged, static permissions creates a critical vulnerability: instruction injection.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Yifeng Cai , Ziming Wang , Zhaomeng Deng , Mengyu Yao , Junlin Liu , Yutao Hu , Ziqi Zhang , Yao Guo , Ding Li

Prompt injection is one of the most critical vulnerabilities in LLM agents; yet, effective automated attacks remain largely unexplored from an optimization perspective. Existing methods heavily depend on human red-teamers and hand-crafted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Xin Chen , Jie Zhang , Florian Tramèr

Prompt injection attacks deceive a large language model into completing an attacker-specified task instead of its intended task by contaminating its input data with an injected prompt, which consists of injected instruction(s) and data.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Yuqi Jia , Yupei Liu , Zedian Shao , Jinyuan Jia , Neil Gong

Despite significant advancements in alignment and content moderation, large language models (LLMs) and text-to-image (T2I) systems remain vulnerable to prompt-based attacks known as jailbreaks. Unlike traditional adversarial examples…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Ahmed B Mustafa , Zihan Ye , Yang Lu , Michael P Pound , Shreyank N Gowda

Existing attacks against multimodal language models (MLLMs) primarily communicate instructions through text accompanied by adversarial images. In contrast, we exploit the capabilities of MLLMs to interpret non-textual instructions,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jiahui Geng , Thy Thy Tran , Preslav Nakov , Iryna Gurevych

Application designers have moved to integrate large language models (LLMs) into their products. However, many LLM-integrated applications are vulnerable to prompt injections. While attempts have been made to address this problem by building…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Dennis Jacob , Hend Alzahrani , Zhanhao Hu , Basel Alomair , David Wagner

We introduce MemLineage, a defense for LLM agent memory that attaches both cryptographic provenance and LLM-mediated derivation lineage to every entry. Recent and concurrent work shows that untrusted content can be written into persistent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Ciyan Ouyang , Rui Hou