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We study information design in click-through auctions, in which the bidders/advertisers bid for winning an opportunity to show their ads but only pay for realized clicks. The payment may or may not happen, and its probability is called the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Junjie Chen , Minming Li , Haifeng Xu , Song Zuo

Brand advertising plays a critical role in building long-term consumer awareness and loyalty, making it a key objective for advertisers across digital platforms. Although real-time bidding has been extensively studied, there is limited…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yuanlong Chen , Bowen Zhu , Bing Xia , Yichuan Wang

Bid optimization in online advertising relies on black-box machine-learning models that learn bidding decisions from historical data. However, these approaches fail to replicate human experts' adaptive, experience-driven, and globally…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Huixiang Luo , Longyu Gao , Yaqi Liu , Qianqian Chen , Pingchun Huang , Tianning Li

Bidding optimization is one of the most critical problems in online advertising. Sponsored search (SS) auction, due to the randomness of user query behavior and platform nature, usually adopts keyword-level bidding strategies. In contrast,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-03-02 Jun Zhao , Guang Qiu , Ziyu Guan , Wei Zhao , Xiaofei He

Auto-bidding systems aim to maximize advertiser value over long horizons under budget constraints and ratio targets such as cost-per-acquisition, yet future traffic and auction dynamics are non-stationary and uncertain. Existing approaches…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Eunseok Yang , Xingdong Zuo , Kyung-Min Kim

In online revenue systems, e.g. an advertising system, budget pacing plays a critical role in ensuring that the spend aligns with desired financial objectives. Pacing systems dynamically control the velocity of spending to balance auction…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-15 Yichuan Niu , Jianhui Chen

Auto-bidding plays a crucial role in facilitating online advertising by automatically providing bids for advertisers. Reinforcement learning (RL) has gained popularity for auto-bidding. However, most current RL auto-bidding methods are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Jiayan Guo , Yusen Huo , Zhilin Zhang , Tianyu Wang , Chuan Yu , Jian Xu , Yan Zhang , Bo Zheng

In online display advertising, guaranteed contracts and real-time bidding (RTB) are two major ways to sell impressions for a publisher. For large publishers, simultaneously selling impressions through both guaranteed contracts and in-house…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Di Wu , Cheng Chen , Xiujun Chen , Junwei Pan , Xun Yang , Qing Tan , Jian Xu , Kuang-Chih Lee

There are two major ways of selling impressions in display advertising. They are either sold in spot through auction mechanisms or in advance via guaranteed contracts. The former has achieved a significant automation via real-time bidding…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2015-12-11 Bowei Chen , Shuai Yuan , Jun Wang

Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction is a fundamental technique for online advertising recommendation and the complex online competitive auction process also brings many difficulties to CTR optimization. Recent studies have shown that…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Yang Yang , Bo Chen , Chenxu Zhu , Menghui Zhu , Xinyi Dai , Huifeng Guo , Muyu Zhang , Zhenhua Dong , Ruiming Tang

In the Real-Time Bidding (RTB), advertisers are increasingly relying on bid optimization to gain more conversions (i.e trade or arrival). Currently, the efficiency of bid optimization is still challenged by the (1) sparse feedback, (2) the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Xiao Wang , Shaoguo Liu , Yidong Jia , Yuxin Fu , Yufang Yu , Liang Wang , Bo Zheng

Reinforcement learning (RL) is an effective technique for training decision-making agents through interactions with their environment. The advent of deep learning has been associated with highly notable successes with sequential decision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Michael Tashman , John Hoffman , Jiayi Xie , Fengdan Ye , Atefeh Morsali , Lee Winikor , Rouzbeh Gerami

Predicting click and conversion probabilities when bidding on ad exchanges is at the core of the programmatic advertising industry. Two separated lines of previous works respectively address i) the prediction of user conversion probability…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-07-24 Eustache Diemert , Julien Meynet , Pierre Galland , Damien Lefortier

Bidding strategies that help advertisers determine bidding prices are receiving increasing attention as more and more ad impressions are sold through real-time bidding systems. This paper first describes the problem and challenges of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Mengjuan Liu , Zhengning Hu , Zhi Lai , Daiwei Zheng , Xuyun Nie

Certifying neural network robustness against adversarial examples is challenging, as formal guarantees often require solving non-convex problems. Hence, incomplete verifiers are widely used because they scale efficiently and substantially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Mohammadreza Maleki , Rushendra Sidibomma , Arman Adibi , Reza Samavi

In online advertising, a set of potential advertisements can be ranked by a certain auction system where usually the top-1 advertisement would be selected and displayed at an advertising space. In this paper, we show a selection bias issue…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-06-09 Shinya Suzumura , Hitoshi Abe

Online Real-Time Bidding (RTB) is a complex auction game among which advertisers struggle to bid for ad impressions when a user request occurs. Considering display cost, Return on Investment (ROI), and other influential Key Performance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-07 Haolin Zhou , Chaoqi Yang , Xiaofeng Gao , Qiong Chen , Gongshen Liu , Guihai Chen

Autonomous systems increasingly rely on machine learning techniques to transform high-dimensional raw inputs into predictions that are then used for decision-making and control. However, it is often easy to maliciously manipulate such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Jinghan Yang , Hunmin Kim , Wenbin Wan , Naira Hovakimyan , Yevgeniy Vorobeychik

A canonical setting for non-monetary online resource allocation is one where agents compete over multiple rounds for a single item per round, with i.i.d. valuations and additive utilities across rounds. With $n$ symmetric agents, a natural…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-01 David X. Lin , Giannis Fikioris , Siddhartha Banerjee , Éva Tardos

Real-time Bidding (RTB) advertisers wish to \textit{know in advance} the expected cost and yield of ad campaigns to avoid trial-and-error expenses. However, Campaign Performance Forecasting (CPF), a sequence modeling task involving tens of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-20 XiaoYu Wang , YongHui Guo , Hui Sheng , Peili Lv , Chi Zhou , Wei Huang , ShiQin Ta , Dongbo Huang , XiuJin Yang , Lan Xu , Hao Zhou , Yusheng Ji