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In this growing age of data and technology, large black-box models are becoming the norm due to their ability to handle vast amounts of data and learn incredibly complex data patterns. The deficiency of these methods, however, is their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Justin Lin , Julia Fukuyama

Understanding why a model makes a certain prediction can be as crucial as the prediction's accuracy in many applications. However, the highest accuracy for large modern datasets is often achieved by complex models that even experts struggle…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-11-28 Scott Lundberg , Su-In Lee

Many important questions about a model cannot be answered just by explaining how much each feature contributes to its output. To answer a broader set of questions, we generalize a popular, mathematically well-grounded explanation technique,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Dillon Bowen , Lyle Ungar

An important technique to explore a black-box machine learning (ML) model is called SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanation). SHAP values decompose predictions into contributions of the features in a fair way. We will show that for a boosted…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-01 Michael Mayer

Alzheimer disease (AD) diagnosis and prognosis increasingly rely on machine learning (ML) models. Although these models provide good results, clinical adoption is limited by the need for technical expertise and the lack of trustworthy and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Pablo Guillén , Enrique Frias-Martinez

Substantial progress in spoofing and deepfake detection has been made in recent years. Nonetheless, the community has yet to make notable inroads in providing an explanation for how a classifier produces its output. The dominance of black…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-29 Wanying Ge , Jose Patino , Massimiliano Todisco , Nicholas Evans

Ensemble-based modifications of the well-known SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method for the local explanation of a black-box model are proposed. The modifications aim to simplify SHAP which is computationally expensive when there is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Lev V. Utkin , Andrei V. Konstantinov

In the context of unsupervised learning, effective clustering plays a vital role in revealing patterns and insights from unlabeled data. However, the success of clustering algorithms often depends on the relevance and contribution of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Fabian Galis , Darian Onchis

Note that a newer expanded version of this paper is now available at: arXiv:1802.03888 It is critical in many applications to understand what features are important for a model, and why individual predictions were made. For tree ensemble…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-02-20 Scott M. Lundberg , Su-In Lee

One of the most popular methods of the machine learning prediction explanation is the SHapley Additive exPlanations method (SHAP). An imprecise SHAP as a modification of the original SHAP is proposed for cases when the class probability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Lev V. Utkin , Andrei V. Konstantinov , Kirill A. Vishniakov

SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) values are a widely used method for local feature attribution in interpretable and explainable AI. We propose an efficient two-stage algorithm for computing SHAP values in both black-box setting and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Ali Gorji , Andisheh Amrollahi , Andreas Krause

Explaining machine learning (ML) predictions has become crucial as ML models are increasingly deployed in high-stakes domains such as healthcare. While SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) is widely used for model interpretability, it fails…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Woon Yee Ng , Li Rong Wang , Siyuan Liu , Xiuyi Fan

Recently, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) has been widely utilized in various research domains. This is particularly evident in application fields, where SHAP analysis serves as a crucial tool for identifying biomarkers and assisting…

Computation · Statistics 2026-02-02 Kyungjin Kim , Youngro Lee , Jongmo Seo

When using machine learning techniques in decision-making processes, the interpretability of the models is important. In the present paper, we adopted the Shapley additive explanation (SHAP), which is based on fair profit allocation among…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Yasunobu Nohara , Koutarou Matsumoto , Hidehisa Soejima , Naoki Nakashima

Data-driven artificial intelligence models require explainability in intelligent manufacturing to streamline adoption and trust in modern industry. However, recently developed explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) techniques that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Joseph Cohen , Xun Huan , Jun Ni

Industrial processes generate complex data that challenge fault detection systems, often yielding opaque or underwhelming results despite advanced machine learning techniques. This study tackles such difficulties using the Tennessee Eastman…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Pedro Cortes dos Santos , Matheus Becali Rocha , Renato A Krohling

Interpreting predictions from tree ensemble methods such as gradient boosting machines and random forests is important, yet feature attribution for trees is often heuristic and not individualized for each prediction. Here we show that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-08 Scott M. Lundberg , Gabriel G. Erion , Su-In Lee

Explainable AI (XAI) has become an increasingly important topic for understanding and attributing the predictions made by complex Time Series Classification (TSC) models. Among attribution methods, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Davide Italo Serramazza , Nikos Papadeas , Zahraa Abdallah , Georgiana Ifrim

Objective: Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) is a popular post-hoc technique for explaining black box models. While the impact of data imbalance on predictive models has been extensively studied, it remains largely unknown with respect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-10 Mingxuan Liu , Yilin Ning , Han Yuan , Marcus Eng Hock Ong , Nan Liu

Multi-label classification is a type of classification task, it is used when there are two or more classes, and the data point we want to predict may belong to none of the classes or all of them at the same time. In the real world, many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-26 Shikun Chen
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