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Recent Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms making use of Kullback-Leibler (KL) regularization as a core component have shown outstanding performance. Yet, only little is understood theoretically about why KL regularization helps, so far.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-07 Nino Vieillard , Tadashi Kozuno , Bruno Scherrer , Olivier Pietquin , Rémi Munos , Matthieu Geist

Common statistical measures of uncertainty such as $p$-values and confidence intervals quantify the uncertainty due to sampling, that is, the uncertainty due to not observing the full population. However, sampling is not the only source of…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-08 Suyash Gupta , Dominik Rothenhäusler

This article introduces the Stochastic Texture Difference method for analyzing data at prescribed spatial and value scales. This method relies on constrained random walks around each pixel, describing how nearby image values typically…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-10-06 Nicolas Brodu , Hussein Yahia

Deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on edge devices faces severe computational and memory constraints, limiting real-time processing and on-device intelligence. Hybrid architectures combining Structured State Space Models (SSMs) with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Jason Kong , Nilesh Prasad Pandey , Flavio Ponzina , Tajana Rosing

We address the problem of detecting changes in multivariate datastreams, and we investigate the intrinsic difficulty that change-detection methods have to face when the data dimension scales. In particular, we consider a general approach…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-12-04 Cesare Alippi , Giacomo Boracchi , Diego Carrera , Manuel Roveri

A plethora of dimensionality reduction techniques have emerged over the past decades, leaving researchers and analysts with a wide variety of choices for reducing their data, all the more so given some techniques come with additional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-20 Cristina Morariu , Adrien Bibal , Rene Cutura , Benoît Frénay , Michael Sedlmair

Diffusion models are a new class of generative models that revolve around the estimation of the score function associated with a stochastic differential equation. Subsequent to its acquisition, the approximated score function is then…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-09-13 Giovanni Conforti , Alain Durmus , Marta Gentiloni Silveri

Many evaluation measures are used to evaluate social biases in masked language models (MLMs). However, we find that these previously proposed evaluation measures are lacking robustness in scenarios with limited datasets. This is because…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Yang Liu

We study the problem of spectrum estimation from transmission data of a known phantom. The goal is to reconstruct an x-ray spectrum that can accurately model the x-ray transmission curves and reflects a realistic shape of the typical energy…

Medical Physics · Physics 2021-07-14 Wooseok Ha , Emil Y. Sidky , Rina Foygel Barber , Taly Gilat Schmidt , Xiaochuan Pan

Optimum designs for parameter estimation in generalized regression models are standardly based on the Fisher information matrix (cf. Atkinson et al (2014) for a recent exposition). The corresponding optimality criteria are related to the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-07-28 Katarína Burclová , Andrej Pázman

Dataset scaling, also known as normalization, is an essential preprocessing step in a machine learning pipeline. It is aimed at adjusting attributes scales in a way that they all vary within the same range. This transformation is known to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-26 Lucas B. V. de Amorim , George D. C. Cavalcanti , Rafael M. O. Cruz

Kullback-Leiber divergence has been widely used in Knowledge Distillation (KD) to compress Large Language Models (LLMs). Contrary to prior assertions that reverse Kullback-Leibler (RKL) divergence is mode-seeking and thus preferable over…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Taiqiang Wu , Chaofan Tao , Jiahao Wang , Runming Yang , Zhe Zhao , Ngai Wong

Log-likelihood vectors define a common space for comparing language models as probability distributions, enabling unified comparisons across heterogeneous settings. We extend this framework to training checkpoints and intermediate layers,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Ryo Kishino , Yusuke Takase , Momose Oyama , Hiroaki Yamagiwa , Hidetoshi Shimodaira

Knowledge distillation (KD) has been widely adopted to compress large language models (LLMs). Existing KD methods investigate various divergence measures including the Kullback-Leibler (KL), reverse Kullback-Leibler (RKL), and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-03 Xiao Cui , Yulei Qin , Yuting Gao , Enwei Zhang , Zihan Xu , Tong Wu , Ke Li , Xing Sun , Wengang Zhou , Houqiang Li

Kullback-Leibler divergence (KL) regularization is widely used in reinforcement learning, but it becomes infinite under support mismatch and can degenerate in low-noise limits. Utilizing a unified information-geometric framework, we…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-03 Viktor Stein , Adwait Datar , Nihat Ay

For a parametric model of distributions, the closest distribution in the model to the true distribution located outside the model is considered. Measuring the closeness between two distributions with the Kullback-Leibler (K-L) divergence,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-10-14 Yo Sheena

Model averaging is a useful and robust method for dealing with model uncertainty in statistical analysis. Often, it is useful to consider data subset selection at the same time, in which model selection criteria are used to compare models…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-26 Ethan T. Neil , Jacob W. Sitison

This work presents an upper-bound to value that the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence can reach for a class of probability distributions called quantum distributions (QD). The aim is to find a distribution $U$ which maximizes the KL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-11 Vincenzo Bonnici

We show that the Kullback-Leibler distance is a good measure of the statistical uncertainty of correlation matrices estimated by using a finite set of data. For correlation matrices of multivariate Gaussian variables we analytically…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2008-12-02 Michele Tumminello , Fabrizio Lillo , Rosario Nunzio Mantegna

Studies on various facets of pattern classification is often imperative while working with multi-dimensional samples pertaining to diverse application scenarios. In this notion, weighted dimension-based distance measure has been one of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Ayatullah Faruk Mollah