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An increasingly common expression of online hate speech is multimodal in nature and comes in the form of memes. Designing systems to automatically detect hateful content is of paramount importance if we are to mitigate its undesirable…

Exploiting social media to spread hate has tremendously increased over the years. Lately, multi-modal hateful content such as memes has drawn relatively more traction than uni-modal content. Moreover, the availability of implicit content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Piush Aggarwal , Pranit Chawla , Mithun Das , Punyajoy Saha , Binny Mathew , Torsten Zesch , Animesh Mukherjee

Internet memes have become a dominant method of communication; at the same time, however, they are also increasingly being used to advocate extremism and foster derogatory beliefs. Nonetheless, we do not have a firm understanding as to…

Hateful memes have emerged as a significant concern on the Internet. Detecting hateful memes requires the system to jointly understand the visual and textual modalities. Our investigation reveals that the embedding space of existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Jingbiao Mei , Jinghong Chen , Weizhe Lin , Bill Byrne , Marcus Tomalin

Detecting hate speech in memes is challenging due to their multimodal nature and subtle, culturally grounded cues such as sarcasm and context. While recent vision-language models (VLMs) enable joint reasoning over text and images,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Ivo Bueno , Lea Hirlimann , Enkelejda Kasneci

Although automated harmful content detection systems are frequently used to monitor online platforms, moderators and end users frequently cannot understand the logic underlying their predictions. While recent studies have focused on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Trishita Dhara , Siddhesh Sheth

The dynamic expansion of social media has led to an inundation of hateful memes on media platforms, accentuating the growing need for efficient identification and removal. Acknowledging the constraints of conventional multimodal hateful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Junxi Liu , Yanyan Feng , Jiehai Chen , Yun Xue , Fenghuan Li

Recent advances show that two-stream approaches have achieved outstanding performance in hateful meme detection. However, hateful memes constantly evolve as new memes emerge by fusing progressive cultural ideas, making existing methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Jinfa Huang , Jinsheng Pan , Zhongwei Wan , Hanjia Lyu , Jiebo Luo

Hate speech has emerged as a major problem plaguing our social spaces today. While there have been significant efforts to address this problem, existing methods are still significantly limited in effectively detecting hate speech online. A…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Keyan Guo , Alexander Hu , Jaden Mu , Ziheng Shi , Ziming Zhao , Nishant Vishwamitra , Hongxin Hu

Recent research leverages large language models (LLMs) for early mental health detection, such as depression, often optimized with machine-generated data. However, their detection may be subject to unknown weaknesses. Meanwhile, quality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Zongru Shao , Xin Wang , Zhanyang Liu , Chenhan Wang , K. P. Subbalakshmi

Hateful memes are a growing menace on social media. While the image and its corresponding text in a meme are related, they do not necessarily convey the same meaning when viewed individually. Hence, detecting hateful memes requires careful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Gokul Karthik Kumar , Karthik Nandakumar

Accurate detection and classification of online hate is a difficult task. Implicit hate is particularly challenging as such content tends to have unusual syntax, polysemic words, and fewer markers of prejudice (e.g., slurs). This problem is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Austin Botelho , Bertie Vidgen , Scott A. Hale

Memes are used for spreading ideas through social networks. Although most memes are created for humor, some memes become hateful under the combination of pictures and text. Automatically detecting the hateful memes can help reduce their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-08 Yi Zhou , Zhenhao Chen

Cultural context profoundly shapes how people interpret online content, yet vision-language models (VLMs) remain predominantly trained through Western or English-centric lenses. This limits their fairness and cross-cultural robustness in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Mo Wang , Kaixuan Ren , Pratik Jalan , Ahmed Ashraf , Tuong Vy Vu , Rahul Seetharaman , Shah Nawaz , Usman Naseem

Hate speech detection is a crucial area of research in natural language processing, essential for ensuring online community safety. However, detecting implicit hate speech, where harmful intent is conveyed in subtle or indirect ways,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Yumin Kim , Hwanhee Lee

Hate speech detection on social media faces challenges in both accuracy and explainability, especially for underexplored Indic languages. We propose a novel explainability-guided training framework, X-MuTeST (eXplainable Multilingual haTe…

Although social media platforms are a prominent arena for users to engage in interpersonal discussions and express opinions, the facade and anonymity offered by social media may allow users to spew hate speech and offensive content. Given…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Ayushi Nirmal , Amrita Bhattacharjee , Paras Sheth , Huan Liu

Detecting harmful memes is crucial for safeguarding the integrity and harmony of online environments, yet existing detection methods are often resource-intensive, inflexible, and lacking explainability, limiting their applicability in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Fengjun Pan , Xiaobao Wu , Tho Quan , Anh Tuan Luu

Memes are widely used for humor and cultural commentary, but they are increasingly exploited to spread hateful content. Due to their multimodal nature, hateful memes often evade traditional text-only or image-only detection systems,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Ali Anaissi , Junaid Akram , Kunal Chaturvedi , Ali Braytee

Hate, derogatory, and offensive speech remains a persistent challenge in online platforms and public discourse. While automated detection systems are widely used, most focus on censorship or removal, raising concerns for transparency and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Jason Liartis , Eirini Kaldeli , Lambrini Gyftokosta , Eleftherios Chelioudakis , Orfeas Menis Mastromichalakis