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Large language models (LLMs) are highly sensitive to subtle changes in prompt phrasing, posing challenges for reliable auditing. Prior methods often apply unconstrained prompt paraphrasing, which risk missing linguistic and demographic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Cléa Chataigner , Rebecca Ma , Prakhar Ganesh , Yuhao Chen , Afaf Taïk , Elliot Creager , Golnoosh Farnadi

Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) can be accurately fine-tuned for downstream text processing tasks. Recently, researchers have introduced several parameter-efficient fine-tuning methods that optimize input prompts or adjust a small number…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Saeed Najafi , Alona Fyshe

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models achieve strong performance in robotic manipulation by leveraging pre-trained vision-language backbones. However, in downstream robotic settings, they are typically fine-tuned with limited data, leading to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Chanyoung Kim , Minwoo Kim , Minseok Kang , Hyunwoo Kim , Dahuin Jung

Large Language Models (LLMs) changed the way we design and interact with software systems. Their ability to process and extract information from text has drastically improved productivity in a number of routine tasks. Developers that want…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Federico Errica , Giuseppe Siracusano , Davide Sanvito , Roberto Bifulco

Uncertainty quantification enables users to assess the reliability of responses generated by large language models (LLMs). We present a novel Question Rephrasing technique to evaluate the input uncertainty of LLMs, which refers to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Zizhang Chen , Pengyu Hong , Sandeep Madireddy

Large Language Models (LLMs) may hallucinate and generate fake information, despite pre-training on factual data. Inspired by the journalistic device of "according to sources", we propose according-to prompting: directing LLMs to ground…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Orion Weller , Marc Marone , Nathaniel Weir , Dawn Lawrie , Daniel Khashabi , Benjamin Van Durme

Large language models (LLMs) suffer from forgetting of upstream knowledge when fine-tuned. Despite efforts on mitigating forgetting, few have investigated how forgotten upstream examples are dependent on newly learned tasks. Insights on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Xisen Jin , Xiang Ren

State-of-the-art supervised NLP models achieve high accuracy but are also susceptible to failures on inputs from low-data regimes, such as domains that are not represented in training data. As an approximation to collecting ground-truth…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Parikshit Bansal , Amit Sharma

Large language models (LLMs) often appear to excel on public benchmarks, but these high scores may mask an overreliance on dataset-specific surface cues rather than true language understanding. We introduce the Chameleon Benchmark Overfit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Nurit Cohen-Inger , Yehonatan Elisha , Bracha Shapira , Lior Rokach , Seffi Cohen

When deploying large language models (LLMs), it is important to ensure that these models are not only capable, but also reliable. Many benchmarks have been created to track LLMs' growing capabilities, however there has been no similar focus…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Joshua Vendrow , Edward Vendrow , Sara Beery , Aleksander Madry

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities in question answering (QA), but metrics for assessing their reliance on memorization versus retrieval remain underdeveloped. Moreover, while finetuned models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Peter Carragher , Abhinand Jha , R Raghav , Kathleen M. Carley

Large language model (LLM) watermarking has shown promise in detecting AI-generated content and mitigating misuse, with prior work claiming robustness against paraphrasing and text editing. In this paper, we argue that existing evaluations…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Hanbo Huang , Yiran Zhang , Hao Zheng , Xuan Gong , Yihan Li , Lin Liu , Zhuotao Liu , Shiyu Liang

Parameter-efficient methods are able to use a single frozen pre-trained large language model (LLM) to perform many tasks by learning task-specific soft prompts that modulate model behavior when concatenated to the input text. However, these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-12 Brian Lester , Joshua Yurtsever , Siamak Shakeri , Noah Constant

In this position paper, we argue that the classical evaluation on Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks using annotated benchmarks is in trouble. The worst kind of data contamination happens when a Large Language Model (LLM) is trained on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Oscar Sainz , Jon Ander Campos , Iker García-Ferrero , Julen Etxaniz , Oier Lopez de Lacalle , Eneko Agirre

Large Language Models (LLMs) have proven efficient in giving definition-type answers to user input queries. While for humans giving various types of answers, such as examples and paraphrases, is an easy task, LLMs struggle to provide…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Ioana Buhnila , Aman Sinha , Mathieu Constant

In this work, we study the impact of Large-scale Language Models (LLM) on Automated Speech Recognition (ASR) of YouTube videos, which we use as a source for long-form ASR. We demonstrate up to 8\% relative reduction in Word Error Eate (WER)…

Reranking is fundamental to information retrieval and retrieval-augmented generation, with recent Large Language Models (LLMs) significantly advancing reranking quality. Most current works rely on large-scale LLMs (>7B parameters),…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Xianming Li , Aamir Shakir , Rui Huang , Tsz-fung Andrew Lee , Julius Lipp , Benjamin Clavié , Jing Li

This paper evaluates the ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to leverage contextual information in the form of structured linguistic representations. Specifically, we examine the impact of encoding both short and long contexts using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Ankush Raut , Xiaofeng Zhu , Maria Leonor Pacheco

In this paper, we aim to establish a simple, effective, and theoretically grounded benchmark for rigorously probing abstract reasoning in Large Language Models (LLMs). To achieve this, we first develop a mathematic framework that defines…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Qingchuan Ma , Yuhang Wu , Xiawu Zheng , Rongrong Ji

Language models often struggle with handling factual knowledge, exhibiting factual hallucination issue. This makes it vital to evaluate the models' ability to recall its parametric knowledge about facts. In this study, we introduce a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Xin Zhao , Naoki Yoshinaga , Daisuke Oba
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