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The increasing adoption of large language models (LLMs) necessitates inference serving systems that can deliver both high throughput and low latency. Deploying LLMs with hundreds of billions of parameters on memory-constrained GPUs exposes…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Bowen Pang , Kai Li , Feifan Wang

On-device deployments of large language models (LLMs) are rapidly proliferating across mobile and edge platforms. LLM inference comprises a compute-intensive prefill phase and a memory bandwidth-intensive decode phase, and the decode phase…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Sunjung Lee , Sanghoon Cha , Hyeonsu Kim , Seungwoo Seo , Yuhwan Ro , Sukhan Lee , Byeongho Kim , Yongjun Park , Kyomin Sohn , Seungwon Lee , Jaehoon Yu

Large Language Model (LLM) inference is widely used in interactive assistants and agentic systems. In latency-sensitive deployments, inference time can become dominated by host-side overheads. Existing approaches typically expose this cost…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Prabhu Vellaisamy , Shreesh Tripathi , Vignesh Natarajan , Surya Santhan Thenarasu , Shawn Blanton , John P. Shen

Efficient inference in large language models (LLMs) has become a critical focus as their scale and complexity grow. Traditional autoregressive decoding, while effective, suffers from computational inefficiencies due to its sequential token…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Hyun Ryu , Eric Kim

With the rapid expansion in the scale of large language models (LLMs), enabling efficient distributed inference across multiple computing units has become increasingly critical. However, communication overheads from popular distributed…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Han-Byul Kim , Duc Hoang , Arnav Kundu , Mohammad Samragh , Minsik Cho

Fine-tuning pre-trained language models (PLMs) achieves impressive performance on a range of downstream tasks, and their sizes have consequently been getting bigger. Since a different copy of the model is required for each task, this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Ameet Deshpande , Md Arafat Sultan , Anthony Ferritto , Ashwin Kalyan , Karthik Narasimhan , Avirup Sil

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance across a wide range of tasks, but their increasing parameter sizes significantly slow down inference. Speculative decoding mitigates this issue by leveraging a smaller draft…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Kuan-Wei Lu , Ding-Yong Hong , Pangfeng Liu , Jan-Jan Wu

Speculative decoding enhances the inference efficiency of large language models (LLMs) by generating drafts using a small draft language model (DLM) and verifying them in batches with a large target language model (TLM). However, adaptive…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Ma Zirui , Fan Zhihua , Li Wenxing , Wu Haibin , Zhang Fulin , Ye Xiaochun , Li Wenming

In this letter, we propose an energy-efficient split learning (SL) framework for fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) using geo-distributed personal data at the network edge, where LLMs are split and alternately across massive mobile…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Zuguang Li , Shaohua Wu , Liang Li , Songge Zhang

Efficient inference of LLMs remains a crucial challenge, with two main phases: a compute-intensive prompt computation and a memory-intensive token generation. Despite existing batching and scheduling techniques, token generation phases fail…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Asad Aali , Adney Cardoza , Melissa Capo

Large language model (LLM) decoding suffers from high latency due to fragmented execution across operators and heavy reliance on off-chip memory for data exchange and reduction. This execution model limits opportunities for fusion and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Xinhao Luo , Zihan Liu , Yangjie Zhou , Shihan Fang , Ziyu Huang , Yu Feng , Chen Zhang , Shixuan Sun , Zhenzhe Zheng , Jingwen Leng , Minyi Guo

Autoregressive decoding of large language models (LLMs) is memory bandwidth bounded, resulting in high latency and significant wastes of the parallel processing power of modern accelerators. Existing methods for accelerating LLM decoding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Yichao Fu , Peter Bailis , Ion Stoica , Hao Zhang

The widespread of Large Language Models (LLMs) marks a significant milestone in generative AI. Nevertheless, the increasing context length and batch size in offline LLM inference escalate the memory requirement of the key-value (KV) cache,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Xiurui Pan , Endian Li , Qiao Li , Shengwen Liang , Yizhou Shan , Ke Zhou , Yingwei Luo , Xiaolin Wang , Jie Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in generative applications such as chatting, code generation, and reasoning. However, many realworld workloads such as classification, question answering, recommendation, and text embedding rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Dinghong Song , Yuan Feng , Yiwei Wang , Shangye Chen , Cyril Guyot , Filip Blagojevic , Hyeran Jeon , Pengfei Su , Dong Li

Generative large language models (LLMs) have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional capabilities in various AI tasks. Traditionally deployed in cloud datacenters, LLMs are now increasingly moving towards more accessible…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Shengyuan Ye , Bei Ouyang , Liekang Zeng , Tianyi Qian , Xiaowen Chu , Jian Tang , Xu Chen

Edge computing processes data where it is generated, enabling faster decisions, lower bandwidth usage, and improved privacy. However, edge devices typically operate under strict constraints on processing power, memory, and energy…

Performance · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Pablo Prieto , Pablo Abad

LLM inference exhibits substantial variability across queries and execution phases, yet inference configurations are often applied uniformly. We present a measurement-driven characterization of workload heterogeneity and energy-performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Paul Joe Maliakel , Shashikant Ilager , Ivona Brandic

To usher in the next round of client AI innovation, there is an urgent need to enable efficient, lossless inference of high-accuracy large language models (LLMs) and vision language models (VLMs), jointly referred to as xLMs, on client…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Aditya Ukarande , Deep Shekhar , Marc Blackstein , Ram Rangan

With the widespread adoption of large multimodal models, efficient inference across text, image, audio, and video modalities has become critical. However, existing multimodal inference systems typically employ monolithic architectures that…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Fan Bai , Pai Peng , Zhengzhi Tang , Zhe Wang , Gong Chen , Xiang Lu , Yinuo Li , Huan Lin , Weizhe Lin , Yaoyuan Wang , Xiaosong Li

Attention efficiency is critical to large language model (LLM) inference. While prior advances optimize attention execution for individual requests (e.g., FlashAttention), production LLM serving relies on batching requests with highly…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Rui Ning , Wei Zhang , Fan Lai