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Limited computational budgets often prevent transformers from being used in production and from having their high accuracy utilized. A knowledge distillation approach addresses the computational efficiency by self-distilling BERT into a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Shira Guskin , Moshe Wasserblat , Chang Wang , Haihao Shen

Pre-trained language models (PLMs) have achieved great success in natural language processing. Most of PLMs follow the default setting of architecture hyper-parameters (e.g., the hidden dimension is a quarter of the intermediate dimension…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-30 Yichun Yin , Cheng Chen , Lifeng Shang , Xin Jiang , Xiao Chen , Qun Liu

Large language models (LLMs) are computationally intensive. The computation workload and the memory footprint grow quadratically with the dimension (layer width). Most of LLMs' parameters come from the linear layers of the transformer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Xiao-Yang Liu , Jie Zhang , Guoxuan Wang , Weiqing Tong , Anwar Walid

Low-precision neural network training has emerged as a promising direction for reducing computational costs and democratizing access to deep learning research. However, existing 4-bit quantization methods either rely on expensive GPU…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Shivnath Tathe

Recent progress in NLP witnessed the development of large-scale pre-trained language models (GPT, BERT, XLNet, etc.) based on Transformer (Vaswani et al. 2017), and in a range of end tasks, such models have achieved state-of-the-art…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-12 Pengxiang Cheng , Katrin Erk

Large language models (LLMs) based on the generative pre-training transformer (GPT) have demonstrated remarkable effectiveness across a diverse range of downstream tasks. Inspired by the advancements of the GPT, we present PointGPT, a novel…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Guangyan Chen , Meiling Wang , Yi Yang , Kai Yu , Li Yuan , Yufeng Yue

The prohibitive training costs of Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a significant bottleneck in the development of next-generation LLMs. In this paper, we show that it is possible to significantly reduce the training costs of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Chenze Shao , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou

Large-scale transformer models have become the de-facto architectures for various machine learning applications, e.g., CV and NLP. However, those large models also introduce prohibitive training costs. To mitigate this issue, we propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Zhewei Yao , Xiaoxia Wu , Conglong Li , Connor Holmes , Minjia Zhang , Cheng Li , Yuxiong He

Fine-tuning a pre-trained model, such as Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), has been proven to be an effective method for solving many natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, due to the large number of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Taha ValizadehAslani , Hualou Liang

Wu et al. (2026) showed that most frontier large language models (LLMs) recommend a sponsored, roughly twice-as-expensive flight when their system prompt contains a soft sponsorship cue. We reproduce their evaluation on ten open-weight chat…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Andreas Maier , Jeta Sopa , Gozde Gul Sahin , Paula Perez-Toro , Siming Bayer

Transformer-based models generally allocate the same amount of computation for each token in a given sequence. We develop a simple but effective "token dropping" method to accelerate the pretraining of transformer models, such as BERT,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Le Hou , Richard Yuanzhe Pang , Tianyi Zhou , Yuexin Wu , Xinying Song , Xiaodan Song , Denny Zhou

This study investigates the application of large language models (LLMs), specifically GPT-3.5 and GPT-4, with Chain-of-Though (CoT) in the automatic scoring of student-written responses to science assessments. We focused on overcoming the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Gyeong-Geon Lee , Ehsan Latif , Xuansheng Wu , Ninghao Liu , Xiaoming Zhai

To utilize pre-trained neural networks on edge and mobile devices, we often require efficient adaptation to user-specific runtime data distributions while operating under limited compute and memory resources. On-device retraining with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Irene Tenison , Soumyajit Chatterjee , Fahim Kawsar , Mohammad Malekzadeh

This study evaluates the ability of GPT-4o to autonomously solve beginner-level offensive security tasks by connecting the model to OverTheWire's Bandit capture-the-flag game. Of the 25 levels that were technically compatible with a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Isabelle Bakker , John Hastings

The transformer has revolutionized modern AI across language, vision, and beyond. It consists of $L$ layers, each running $H$ attention heads in parallel and feeding the combined output to the subsequent layer. In attention, the input…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Barna Saha , Yinzhan Xu , Christopher Ye , Hantao Yu

Generative AI, particularly Language Models (LMs), has the potential to transform real-world domains with societal impact, particularly where access to experts is limited. For example, in education, training novice educators with expert…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Rose E. Wang , Ana T. Ribeiro , Carly D. Robinson , Susanna Loeb , Dora Demszky

With the increasing adoption of AI-driven tools in software development, large language models (LLMs) have become essential for tasks like code generation, bug fixing, and optimization. Tools like ChatGPT, GitHub Copilot, and Codeium…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Md Sultanul Islam Ovi , Nafisa Anjum , Tasmina Haque Bithe , Md. Mahabubur Rahman , Mst. Shahnaj Akter Smrity

Pre-trained language models have shown stellar performance in various downstream tasks. But, this usually comes at the cost of high latency and computation, hindering their usage in resource-limited settings. In this work, we propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Ali Modarressi , Hosein Mohebbi , Mohammad Taher Pilehvar

Training large language models (LLMs) models directly in low-precision offers a way to address computational costs by improving both throughput and energy efficiency. For those purposes, NVIDIA's recent Blackwell architecture facilitates…

Quantum Transfer Learning (QTL) offers a promising approach for visual quantum machine learning under near-term constraints, where limited qubit counts, shallow circuit depths, and costly hybrid optimization restrict end-to-end quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-20 Nouhaila Innan , Saim Rehman , Muhammad Shafique