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Direct preference optimization (DPO) is widely used as a simple and stable method for aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences. This paper investigates a generalized DPO loss that enables a policy model to match the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Yeongmin Kim , Heesun Bae , Byeonghu Na , Il-Chul Moon

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) guides large language models (LLMs) to generate recommendations aligned with user historical behavior distributions by minimizing preference alignment loss. However, our systematic empirical research and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Chu Zhao , Enneng Yang , Jianzhe Zhao , Guibing Guo

Learning from human preference is a paradigm used in large-scale language model (LLM) fine-tuning step to better align pretrained LLM to human preference for downstream task. In the past it uses reinforcement learning from human feedback…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Shiming Xie , Hong Chen , Fred Yu , Zeye Sun , Xiuyu Wu , Yingfan Hu

Preference-based alignment objectives have been widely adopted, from RLHF-style pairwise learning in large language models to emerging applications in recommender systems. Yet, existing work rarely examines how Direct Preference…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Hejin Huang , Jusheng Zhang , Kaitong Cai , Jian Wang , Rong Pan

Post-training of LLMs with RLHF, and subsequently preference optimization algorithms such as DPO, IPO, etc., made a big difference in improving human alignment. However, all such techniques can only work with a single (human) objective. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Akhil Agnihotri , Rahul Jain , Deepak Ramachandran , Zheng Wen

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has become a prominent method for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences. While DPO has enabled significant progress in aligning English LLMs, multilingual preference alignment is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Wen Yang , Junhong Wu , Chen Wang , Chengqing Zong , Jiajun Zhang

Direct preference optimization (DPO), a widely adopted offline preference optimization algorithm, aims to align large language models (LLMs) with human-desired behaviors using pairwise preference data. However, the generation of the winning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Yuxin Jiang , Bo Huang , Yufei Wang , Xingshan Zeng , Liangyou Li , Yasheng Wang , Xin Jiang , Lifeng Shang , Ruiming Tang , Wei Wang

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) has become central to aligning large language models with human values, typically by first learning a reward model from preference data which is then used to update the model with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Keertana Chidambaram , Karthik Vinay Seetharaman , Vasilis Syrgkanis

Direct preference optimization (DPO) is a successful fine-tuning strategy for aligning large language models with human preferences without the need to train a reward model or employ reinforcement learning. DPO, as originally formulated,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Afra Amini , Tim Vieira , Ryan Cotterell

The alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) is crucial for ensuring their safety and reliability in practical applications. Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has emerged as an efficient method that directly optimizes models using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Jie Sun , Junkang Wu , Jiancan Wu , Zhibo Zhu , Xingyu Lu , Jun Zhou , Lintao Ma , Xiang Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential in automating software development tasks. While recent advances leverage Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) and Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) to align models with human…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Xin Yin , Chao Ni , Xiaohu Yang

Normative theories allow one to elicit key parts of a ML algorithm from first principles, which is crucial at a time of championed scrutiny for ML work. Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) cleverly bypasses reward modeling by making an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Wenxuan Zhou , Shujian Zhang , Brice Magdalou , John Lambert , Ehsan Amid , Richard Nock , Andrew Hard

Direct preference optimization (DPO) has shown to be an effective method for large language model (LLM) alignment. Recent works have attempted to apply DPO to multimodal scenarios but have found it challenging to achieve consistent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Fei Wang , Wenxuan Zhou , James Y. Huang , Nan Xu , Sheng Zhang , Hoifung Poon , Muhao Chen

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) has become central to aligning large language models with human values, typically by first learning a reward model from preference data which is then used to update the model with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Keertana Chidambaram , Karthik Vinary Seetharaman , Vasilis Syrgkanis

The rapid development of large language model (LLM) alignment algorithms has resulted in a complex and fragmented landscape, with limited clarity on the effectiveness of different methods and their inter-connections. This paper introduces…

The alignment of large language models with human values presents a critical challenge, particularly when balancing conflicting objectives like helpfulness and harmlessness. Existing approaches, such as Reinforcement Learning from Human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yuxuan Liu

Multi-objective preference alignment of large language models (LLMs) is critical for developing AI systems that are more configurable, personalizable, helpful, and safe. However, optimizing model outputs to satisfy diverse objectives with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Raghav Gupta , Ryan Sullivan , Yunxuan Li , Samrat Phatale , Abhinav Rastogi

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) is widely utilized in the Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) phase to align Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences, thereby enhancing both their harmlessness and efficacy.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Wei Liu , Yang Bai , Chengcheng Han , Rongxiang Weng , Jun Xu , Xuezhi Cao , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai

Preference optimization has become a central paradigm for aligning large language models with human feedback. Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) simplifies reinforcement learning from human feedback by directly optimizing pairwise…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Inoussa Mouiche

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has emerged as an important approach for learning from human preferences in aligning large language models (LLMs). However, collecting human preference data is costly and inefficient, motivating methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Jiacheng Guo , Zihao Li , Jiahao Qiu , Yue Wu , Mengdi Wang