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Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in reasoning tasks requiring a single correct answer, but they perform poorly in multi-solution tasks that require generating comprehensive and diverse answers. We attribute this limitation to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Jiannan Guan , Qiguang Chen , Libo Qin , Dengyun Peng , Jinhao Liu , Liangyu Huo , Jian Xie , Wanxiang Che

Algorithmic reasoning refers to the ability to understand the complex patterns behind the problem and decompose them into a sequence of reasoning steps towards the solution. Such nature of algorithmic reasoning makes it a challenge for…

Complex reasoning aims to draw a correct inference based on complex rules. As a hallmark of human intelligence, it involves a degree of explicit reading comprehension, interpretation of logical knowledge and complex rule application. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Siyuan Wang , Zhongkun Liu , Wanjun Zhong , Ming Zhou , Zhongyu Wei , Zhumin Chen , Nan Duan

Large Language Models have demonstrated strong performance on many established reasoning benchmarks. However, these benchmarks primarily evaluate structured skills like quantitative problem-solving, leaving a gap in assessing flexible,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Deepon Halder , Alan Saji , Thanmay Jayakumar , Ratish Puduppully , Anoop Kunchukuttan , Raj Dabre

Causal reasoning is one of the primary bottlenecks that Large Language Models (LLMs) must overcome to attain human-level intelligence. Recent studies indicate that LLMs display near-random performance on reasoning tasks. To address this, we…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Abdolmahdi Bagheri , Matin Alinejad , Mahdi Dehshiri , Kevin Bello , Alireza Akhondi-Asl

The reasoning capabilities of LLM (Large Language Model) are widely acknowledged in recent research, inspiring studies on tool learning and autonomous agents. LLM serves as the "brain" of the agent, orchestrating multiple tools for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Xiangyan Liu , Rongxue Li , Wei Ji , Tao Lin

Evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) on reasoning benchmarks demonstrates their ability to solve compositional questions. However, little is known of whether these models engage in genuine logical reasoning or simply rely on implicit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Houman Mehrafarin , Arash Eshghi , Ioannis Konstas

Large Language Models (LLMs) rely on generating extensive intermediate reasoning units (e.g., tokens, sentences) to enhance final answer quality across a wide range of complex tasks. While this approach has proven effective, it inevitably…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Joonwon Jang , Jaehee Kim , Wonbin Kweon , Seonghyeon Lee , Hwanjo Yu

The ability to robustly identify causal relationships is essential for autonomous decision-making and adaptation to novel scenarios. However, accurately inferring causal structure requires integrating both world knowledge and abstract…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Khurram Yamin , Shantanu Gupta , Gaurav R. Ghosal , Zachary C. Lipton , Bryan Wilder

Causal language modeling using the Transformer architecture has yielded remarkable capabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs) over the last few years. However, the extent to which fundamental search and reasoning capabilities emerged…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Kulin Shah , Nishanth Dikkala , Xin Wang , Rina Panigrahy

While recent advances in large reasoning models have demonstrated remarkable performance, efficient reasoning remains critical due to the rapid growth of output length. Existing optimization approaches highlights a tendency toward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Kaiyuan Liu , Chen Shen , Zhanwei Zhang , Junjie Liu , Xiaosong Yuan , Jieping ye

Faithful evaluation of language model capabilities is crucial for deriving actionable insights that can inform model development. However, rigorous causal evaluations in this domain face significant methodological challenges, including…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Jikai Jin , Vasilis Syrgkanis , Sham Kakade , Hanlin Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in manipulating natural language across multiple applications, but their ability to handle simple reasoning tasks is often questioned. In this work, we aim to provide a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Alessandro Raganato , Rafael Peñaloza , Marco Viviani , Gabriella Pasi

In order to be deployed safely, Large Language Models (LLMs) must be capable of dynamically adapting their behavior based on their level of knowledge and uncertainty associated with specific topics. This adaptive behavior, which we refer to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Alexandre Piché , Aristides Milios , Dzmitry Bahdanau , Chris Pal

While large language models (LLMs) are proficient at question-answering (QA), it is not always clear how (or even if) an answer follows from their latent "beliefs". This lack of interpretability is a growing impediment to widespread use of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Nora Kassner , Oyvind Tafjord , Ashish Sabharwal , Kyle Richardson , Hinrich Schuetze , Peter Clark

Reward models (RMs) play a crucial role in aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences and enhancing reasoning quality. Traditionally, RMs are trained to rank candidate outputs based on their correctness and coherence.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Yuhui Xu , Hanze Dong , Lei Wang , Caiming Xiong , Junnan Li

Supervised fine-tuning enhances the problem-solving abilities of language models across various mathematical reasoning tasks. To maximize such benefits, existing research focuses on broadening the training set with various data augmentation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Zhihan Zhang , Tao Ge , Zhenwen Liang , Wenhao Yu , Dian Yu , Mengzhao Jia , Dong Yu , Meng Jiang

Relational reasoning is the ability to infer relations that jointly bind multiple entities, attributes, or variables. This ability is central to scientific reasoning, but existing evaluations of relational reasoning in large language models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Lukas Fesser , Yasha Ektefaie , Ada Fang , Sham M. Kakade , Marinka Zitnik

Multi-round incomplete information tasks are crucial for evaluating the lateral thinking capabilities of large language models (LLMs). Currently, research primarily relies on multiple benchmarks and automated evaluation metrics to assess…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Wenhan Dong , Tianyi Hu , Jingyi Zheng , Zhen Sun , Yuemeng Zhao , Yule Liu , Xinlei He , Xinyi Huang

Reasoning has emerged as the next major frontier for language models (LMs), with rapid advances from both academic and industrial labs. However, this progress often outpaces methodological rigor, with many evaluations relying on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Andreas Hochlehnert , Hardik Bhatnagar , Vishaal Udandarao , Samuel Albanie , Ameya Prabhu , Matthias Bethge