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We consider the problem of learning the functions computing children from parents in a Structural Causal Model once the underlying causal graph has been identified. This is in some sense the second step after causal discovery. Taking a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-07-03 Paul K. Rubenstein , Ilya Tolstikhin , Philipp Hennig , Bernhard Schoelkopf

Interventions are central to causal learning and reasoning. Yet ultimately an intervention is an abstraction: an agent embedded in a physical environment (perhaps modeled as a Markov decision process) does not typically come equipped with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-28 Benjamin Lansdell

A well-studied challenge that arises in the structure learning problem of causal directed acyclic graphs (DAG) is that using observational data, one can only learn the graph up to a "Markov equivalence class" (MEC). The remaining undirected…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Vibhor Porwal , Piyush Srivastava , Gaurav Sinha

Causal structure learning, also known as causal discovery, aims to estimate causal relationships between variables as a form of a causal directed acyclic graph (DAG) from observational data. One of the major frameworks is the order-based…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-18 Kentaro Kanamori , Hirofumi Suzuki , Takuya Takagi

Learning the dynamic causal structure of time series is a challenging problem. Most existing approaches rely on distributional or structural invariance to uncover underlying causal dynamics, assuming stationary or partially stationary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Dezhi Yang , Qiaoyu Tan , Carlotta Domeniconi , Jun Wang , Lizhen Cui , Guoxian Yu

In the algorithm Intersort, Chevalley et al. (2024) proposed a score-based method to discover the causal order of variables in a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) model, leveraging interventional data to outperform existing methods. However, as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Mathieu Chevalley , Arash Mehrjou , Patrick Schwab

Causal discovery is the challenging task of inferring causal structure from data. Motivated by Pearl's Causal Hierarchy (PCH), which tells us that passive observations alone are not enough to distinguish correlation from causation, there…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Andreas W. M. Sauter , Nicolò Botteghi , Erman Acar , Aske Plaat

We study the problem of reducing test-time acquisition costs in classification systems. Our goal is to learn decision rules that adaptively select sensors for each example as necessary to make a confident prediction. We model our system as…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-10-27 Joseph Wang , Kirill Trapeznikov , Venkatesh Saligrama

From observational data alone, a causal DAG is only identifiable up to Markov equivalence. Interventional data generally improves identifiability; however, the gain of an intervention strongly depends on the intervention target, that is,…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-06-03 Alain Hauser , Peter Bühlmann

Recently, there has been extensive research on the capabilities of biologically plausible algorithms. In this work, we show how one of such algorithms, called predictive coding, is able to perform causal inference tasks. First, we show how…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Tommaso Salvatori , Luca Pinchetti , Amine M'Charrak , Beren Millidge , Thomas Lukasiewicz

Estimating the structure of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) from observational data remains a significant challenge in machine learning. Most research in this area concentrates on learning a single DAG for the entire population. This paper…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-21 Ryan Thompson , Edwin V. Bonilla , Robert Kohn

Discovering the causal relationship via recovering the directed acyclic graph (DAG) structure from the observed data is a well-known challenging combinatorial problem. When there are latent variables, the problem becomes even more…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-02 Yunfeng Cai , Xu Li , Minging Sun , Ping Li

Causal discovery aims to uncover causal structure among a set of variables. Score-based approaches mainly focus on searching for the best Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) based on a predefined score function. However, most of them are not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Wenqian Li , Yinchuan Li , Shengyu Zhu , Yunfeng Shao , Jianye Hao , Yan Pang

Causal discovery in real-world systems, such as biological networks, is often complicated by feedback loops and incomplete data. Standard algorithms, which assume acyclic structures or fully observed data, struggle with these challenges. To…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-07 Muralikrishnna G. Sethuraman , Razieh Nabi , Faramarz Fekri

Traditional statistical approaches primarily aim to model associations between variables, but many scientific and practical questions require causal methods instead. These approaches rely on assumptions about an underlying structure, often…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-26 Sjoerd Hermes , Joost van Heerwaarden , Fred van Eeuwijk , Pariya Behrouzi

Learning directed acyclic graph (DAG) that describes the causality of observed data is a very challenging but important task. Due to the limited quantity and quality of observed data, and non-identifiability of causal graph, it is almost…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-23 Dezhi Yang , Guoxian Yu , Jun Wang , Zhengtian Wu , Maozu Guo

In decision-making problems, the outcome of an intervention often depends on the causal relationships between system components and is highly costly to evaluate. In such settings, causal Bayesian optimization (CBO) can exploit the causal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-21 Shriya Bhatija , Paul-David Zuercher , Jakob Thumm , Thomas Bohné

Research on reinforcement learning has demonstrated promising results in manifold applications and domains. Still, efficiently learning effective robot behaviors is very difficult, due to unstructured scenarios, high uncertainties, and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2018-03-26 Francesco Riccio , Roberto Capobianco , Daniele Nardi

Causal discovery and causal reasoning are classically treated as separate and consecutive tasks: one first infers the causal graph, and then uses it to estimate causal effects of interventions. However, such a two-stage approach is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Christian Toth , Lars Lorch , Christian Knoll , Andreas Krause , Franz Pernkopf , Robert Peharz , Julius von Kügelgen

Causal discovery is a cornerstone of scientific reasoning, yet whether large language models can perform it reliably remains an open question. Recent benchmarks show that even fine-tuned models plateau on simple causal graphs and degrade as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Amartya Roy , Sonali Parbhoo