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We propose an iterative algorithm for incomplete quantum process tomography, with the help of quantum state estimation, based on the combined principles of maximum-likelihood and maximum-entropy. The algorithm yields a unique estimator for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-01-04 Yong Siah Teo , Berthold-Georg Englert , Jaroslav Rehacek , Zdenek Hradil

We present a general protocol for estimating $M$ observables from only $\mathcal{O}(\log (M)/\varepsilon^2)$ copies of a Gibbs state whose Hamiltonian is accessible. The protocol uses single-copy, nonadaptive measurements and uses a total…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-18 Chi-Fang Chen , András Gilyén

Shadow tomography for quantum states provides a sample efficient approach for predicting the properties of quantum systems when the properties are restricted to expectation values of $2$-outcome POVMs. However, these shadow tomography…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-08 Weiyuan Gong , Scott Aaronson

We introduce the concept of selective quantum state tomography or SQST, a tomographic scheme that enables a user to estimate arbitrary elements of an unknown quantum state using a fixed measurement record. We demonstrate how this may be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-12 Joshua Morris , Borivoje Dakić

We give the first tight sample complexity bounds for shadow tomography and classical shadows in the regime where the target error is below some sufficiently small inverse polynomial in the dimension of the Hilbert space. Formally we give a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-22 Sitan Chen , Jerry Li , Allen Liu

We give an algorithm for pure state tomography with near-optimal copy and time complexity using only single-qubit measurements. Specifically, given $\widetilde{O}(2^n/\epsilon)$ copies of an unknown $n$-qubit pure state $|\psi\rangle$, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-30 Sabee Grewal , Meghal Gupta , William He , Aniruddha Sen , Mihir Singhal

We study the estimation of the overlap between two unknown pure quantum states of a finite dimensional system, given $M$ and $N$ copies of each type. This is a fundamental primitive in quantum information processing that is commonly…

We provide an adaptive learning algorithm for tomography of general quantum states. Our proposal is based on the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation algorithm and is applicable on mixed qudit states. The salient features of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-14 Ahmad Farooq , Muhammad Asad Ullah , Syahri Ramadhani , Junaid ur Rehman , Hyundong Shin

In this work, we study the problem of testing properties of the spectrum of a mixed quantum state. Here one is given $n$ copies of a mixed state $\rho\in\mathbb{C}^{d\times d}$ and the goal is to distinguish whether $\rho$'s spectrum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-01-22 Ryan O'Donnell , John Wright

The estimation of all the parameters in an unknown quantum state or measurement device, commonly known as quantum state tomography (QST) and quantum detector tomography (QDT), is crucial for comprehensively characterizing and controlling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-18 Shuixin Xiao , Weichao Liang , Yuanlong Wang , Daoyi Dong , Ian R. Petersen , Valery Ugrinovskii

Quantum-phase-estimation algorithms are critical subroutines in many applications for quantum computers and in quantum-metrology protocols. These algorithms estimate the unknown strength of a unitary evolution. By using coherence or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-06 Joseph G. Smith , Crispin H. W. Barnes , David R. M. Arvidsson-Shukur

We consider the classical shadows task for pure states in the setting of both joint and independent measurements. The task is to measure few copies of an unknown pure state $\rho$ in order to learn a classical description which suffices to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-19 Daniel Grier , Hakop Pashayan , Luke Schaeffer

Quantum state tomography is the problem of estimating a given quantum state. Usually, it is required to run the quantum experiment - state preparation, state evolution, measurement - several times to be able to estimate the output quantum…

General Physics · Physics 2025-04-30 Shibdas Roy , Filippo Caruso , Srushti Patil , Anumita Mukhopadhyay

Quantum state and process tomography are typically analyzed under the assumption that devices emit independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) states or channels. In realistic experiments, however, noise, drift, feedback, or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-26 Leonardo Zambrano

Because of the constraint that the estimators be bona fide physical states, any quantum state tomography scheme - including the widely used maximum likelihood estimation - yields estimators that may have a bias, although they are consistent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-05-22 Jiangwei Shang , Hui Khoon Ng , Berthold-Georg Englert

We consider the problem of estimating the state of a large but finite number $N$ of identical quantum systems. In the limit of large $N$ the problem simplifies. In particular the only relevant measure of the quality of the estimation is the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-12-18 R. D. Gill , S. Massar

Quantum tomography requires repeated measurements of many copies of the physical system, all prepared by a source in the unknown state. In the limit of very many copies measured, the often-used maximum-likelihood (ML) method for converting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-10-09 Hui Khoon Ng , Berthold-Georg Englert

Quantum state tomography (QST) is one of the fundamental problems in quantum information. Among various metrics, sample complexity is widely used to evaluate QST algorithms. While multi-copy measurements are known to achieve optimal sample…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-17 Gyungmin Cho , Dohun Kim

As quantum technologies advance, the ability to generate increasingly large quantum states has experienced rapid development. In this context, the verification and estimation of large entangled systems represents one of the main challenges…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-30 Joshua Morris , Valeria Saggio , Aleksandra Gočanin , Borivoje Dakić

Maximum likelihood quantum state tomography yields estimators that are consistent, provided that the likelihood model is correct, but the maximum likelihood estimators may have bias for any finite data set. The bias of an estimator is the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-02-15 G. B. Silva , S. Glancy , H. M. Vasconcelos