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Related papers: Role-Conditioned Refusals: Evaluating Access Contr…

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We introduce Refusal Steering, an inference-time method to exercise fine-grained control over Large Language Models refusal behaviour on politically sensitive topics without retraining. We replace fragile pattern-based refusal detection…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Iker García-Ferrero , David Montero , Roman Orus

Large language models are trained to refuse harmful requests, but can they accurately predict when they will refuse before responding? We investigate this question through a systematic study where models first predict their refusal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Tanay Gondil

Large Language Models (LLMs) are transforming human decision-making by acting as cognitive collaborators. Yet, this promise comes with a paradox: while LLMs can improve accuracy, they may also erode independent reasoning, promote…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Irdin Pekaric , Philipp Zech , Tom Mattson

Large Language Models (LLMs) rely on safety alignment to obey safe requests while refusing harmful ones. However, traditional refusal mechanisms often lead to "rigid rejection," where a general template (e.g., "I cannot fulfill this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Ying Zhang , Congyu Qiao , Xin Geng , Ning Xu

Prior work on fairness in large language models (LLMs) has primarily focused on access-level behaviors such as refusals and safety filtering. However, equitable access does not ensure equitable interaction quality once a response is…

Large Language Model (LLM) safeguards, which implement request refusals, have become a widely adopted mitigation strategy against misuse. At the intersection of adversarial machine learning and AI safety, safeguard red teaming has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Zifan Wang , Christina Q. Knight , Jeremy Kritz , Willow E. Primack , Julian Michael

In order to satisfy safety conditions, an agent may be constrained from acting freely. A safe controller can be designed a priori if an environment is well understood, but not when learning is employed. In particular, reinforcement learned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-15 Eleanor Quint , Dong Xu , Samuel Flint , Stephen Scott , Matthew Dwyer

Role Based Access Control (RBAC) is a very popular access control model, for long time investigated and widely deployed in the security architecture of different enterprises. To implement RBAC, roles have to be firstly identified within the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-03-20 Carlo Blundo , Stelvio Cimato

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in enterprise settings where they handle sensitive documents and user context, raising acute concerns over security and controllability. Conventional access control regulates whether…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Pengcheng Sun , Lan Zhang , Zhaopeng Zhang , Jiewei Lai , Chen Tang

Content Warning: This paper contains participant quotes and discussions related to mental health challenges, emotional distress, and suicidal ideation. Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for mental health support, yet the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Ningjing Tang , Alice Qian , Qiaosi Wang , Esther Howe , Blake Bullwinkel , Paola Pedrelli , Jina Suh , Hoda Heidari , Hong Shen

Current safety alignment of foundation models largely follows a \emph{one-size-fits-all} paradigm, applying the same refusal policy across users and contexts. As a result, models may refuse requests that are unsafe for general users but…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Qitao Tan , Xiaoying Song , Arman Akbari , Arash Akbari , Yanzhi Wang , Xiaoming Zhai , Lingzi Hong , Zhen Xiang , Jin Lu , Geng Yuan

Large language models (LLMs) excel in tasks like question answering and dialogue, but complex tasks requiring interaction, such as negotiation and persuasion, require additional long-horizon reasoning and planning. Reinforcement learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Joey Hong , Anca Dragan , Sergey Levine

Safety-aligned language models are trained to refuse harmful requests, yet refusal behavior can be suppressed by steering their internal representations. Existing methods do so by ablating a refusal direction from model activations, aiming…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Giorgio Piras , Raffaele Mura , Fabio Brau , Maura Pintor , Luca Oneto , Fabio Roli , Battista Biggio

Large language models (LLMs) often produce confident but incorrect answers in settings where abstention would be safer. Standard evaluation protocols, however, require a response and do not account for how confidence should guide decisions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Sean Wu , Fredrik K. Gustafsson , Edward Phillips , Boyan Gao , Anshul Thakur , David A. Clifton

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in security-sensitive applications, where they must follow system- or developer-specified instructions that define the intended task behavior, while completing benign user requests.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Shawn Li , Chenxiao Yu , Zhiyu Ni , Hao Li , Charith Peris , Chaowei Xiao , Yue Zhao

Role-playing is important for Large Language Models (LLMs) to follow diverse instructions while maintaining role identity and the role's pre-defined ability limits. Existing role-playing datasets mostly contribute to controlling role style…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Junru Lu , Jiazheng Li , Guodong Shen , Lin Gui , Siyu An , Yulan He , Di Yin , Xing Sun

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has shown great potential for autonomous decision-making in the cybersecurity domain, enabling agents to learn through direct environment interaction. However, RL agents in Autonomous Cyber Operations (ACO)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Konur Tholl , François Rivest , Mariam El Mezouar , Adrian Taylor , Ranwa Al Mallah

Large Language Models used in ChatGPT have traditionally been trained to learn a refusal boundary: depending on the user's intent, the model is taught to either fully comply or outright refuse. While this is a strong mitigation for…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Yuan Yuan , Tina Sriskandarajah , Anna-Luisa Brakman , Alec Helyar , Alex Beutel , Andrea Vallone , Saachi Jain

Recent progress in (Large) Language Models (LMs) has enabled the development of autonomous LM-based agents capable of executing complex tasks with minimal supervision. These agents have started to be integrated into systems with significant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Federico Villa , F. Betül Durak , Tadayoshi Kohno , Tapdig Maharramli , Franziska Roesner

The problems which are important for the effective functioning of an access control policy in a large information system (LIS) are selected. The general concept of a local optimization of a role-based access control (RBAC) model is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-12-27 N. F. Bogachenko